mm: workingset: tell cache transitions from workingset thrashing

[muen/linux.git] / mm / vmscan.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
 *  linux/mm/vmscan.c
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994  Linus Torvalds
 *
 *  Swap reorganised 29.12.95, Stephen Tweedie.
 *  kswapd added: 7.1.96  sct
 *  Removed kswapd_ctl limits, and swap out as many pages as needed
 *  to bring the system back to freepages.high: 2.4.97, Rik van Riel.
 *  Zone aware kswapd started 02/00, Kanoj Sarcar (kanoj@sgi.com).
 *  Multiqueue VM started 5.8.00, Rik van Riel.
 */

#define pr_fmt(fmt) KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt

#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/sched/mm.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/gfp.h>
#include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
#include <linux/swap.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/highmem.h>
#include <linux/vmpressure.h>
#include <linux/vmstat.h>
#include <linux/file.h>
#include <linux/writeback.h>
#include <linux/blkdev.h>
#include <linux/buffer_head.h>  /* for try_to_release_page(),
                                        buffer_heads_over_limit */
#include <linux/mm_inline.h>
#include <linux/backing-dev.h>
#include <linux/rmap.h>
#include <linux/topology.h>
#include <linux/cpu.h>
#include <linux/cpuset.h>
#include <linux/compaction.h>
#include <linux/notifier.h>
#include <linux/rwsem.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/kthread.h>
#include <linux/freezer.h>
#include <linux/memcontrol.h>
#include <linux/delayacct.h>
#include <linux/sysctl.h>
#include <linux/oom.h>
#include <linux/prefetch.h>
#include <linux/printk.h>
#include <linux/dax.h>

#include <asm/tlbflush.h>
#include <asm/div64.h>

#include <linux/swapops.h>
#include <linux/balloon_compaction.h>

#include "internal.h"

#define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS
#include <trace/events/vmscan.h>

struct scan_control {
        /* How many pages shrink_list() should reclaim */
        unsigned long nr_to_reclaim;

        /*
         * Nodemask of nodes allowed by the caller. If NULL, all nodes
         * are scanned.
         */
        nodemask_t      *nodemask;

        /*
         * The memory cgroup that hit its limit and as a result is the
         * primary target of this reclaim invocation.
         */
        struct mem_cgroup *target_mem_cgroup;

        /* Writepage batching in laptop mode; RECLAIM_WRITE */
        unsigned int may_writepage:1;

        /* Can mapped pages be reclaimed? */
        unsigned int may_unmap:1;

        /* Can pages be swapped as part of reclaim? */
        unsigned int may_swap:1;

        /*
         * Cgroups are not reclaimed below their configured memory.low,
         * unless we threaten to OOM. If any cgroups are skipped due to
         * memory.low and nothing was reclaimed, go back for memory.low.
         */
        unsigned int memcg_low_reclaim:1;
        unsigned int memcg_low_skipped:1;

        unsigned int hibernation_mode:1;

        /* One of the zones is ready for compaction */
        unsigned int compaction_ready:1;

        /* Allocation order */
        s8 order;

        /* Scan (total_size >> priority) pages at once */
        s8 priority;

        /* The highest zone to isolate pages for reclaim from */
        s8 reclaim_idx;

        /* This context's GFP mask */
        gfp_t gfp_mask;

        /* Incremented by the number of inactive pages that were scanned */
        unsigned long nr_scanned;

        /* Number of pages freed so far during a call to shrink_zones() */
        unsigned long nr_reclaimed;

        struct {
                unsigned int dirty;
                unsigned int unqueued_dirty;
                unsigned int congested;
                unsigned int writeback;
                unsigned int immediate;
                unsigned int file_taken;
                unsigned int taken;
        } nr;
};

#ifdef ARCH_HAS_PREFETCH
#define prefetch_prev_lru_page(_page, _base, _field)                    \
        do {                                                            \
                if ((_page)->lru.prev != _base) {                       \
                        struct page *prev;                              \
                                                                        \
                        prev = lru_to_page(&(_page->lru));              \
                        prefetch(&prev->_field);                        \
                }                                                       \
        } while (0)
#else
#define prefetch_prev_lru_page(_page, _base, _field) do { } while (0)
#endif

#ifdef ARCH_HAS_PREFETCHW
#define prefetchw_prev_lru_page(_page, _base, _field)                   \
        do {                                                            \
                if ((_page)->lru.prev != _base) {                       \
                        struct page *prev;                              \
                                                                        \
                        prev = lru_to_page(&(_page->lru));              \
                        prefetchw(&prev->_field);                       \
                }                                                       \
        } while (0)
#else
#define prefetchw_prev_lru_page(_page, _base, _field) do { } while (0)
#endif

/*
 * From 0 .. 100.  Higher means more swappy.
 */
int vm_swappiness = 60;
/*
 * The total number of pages which are beyond the high watermark within all
 * zones.
 */
unsigned long vm_total_pages;

static LIST_HEAD(shrinker_list);
static DECLARE_RWSEM(shrinker_rwsem);

#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM

/*
 * We allow subsystems to populate their shrinker-related
 * LRU lists before register_shrinker_prepared() is called
 * for the shrinker, since we don't want to impose
 * restrictions on their internal registration order.
 * In this case shrink_slab_memcg() may find corresponding
 * bit is set in the shrinkers map.
 *
 * This value is used by the function to detect registering
 * shrinkers and to skip do_shrink_slab() calls for them.
 */
#define SHRINKER_REGISTERING ((struct shrinker *)~0UL)

static DEFINE_IDR(shrinker_idr);
static int shrinker_nr_max;

static int prealloc_memcg_shrinker(struct shrinker *shrinker)
{
        int id, ret = -ENOMEM;

        down_write(&shrinker_rwsem);
        /* This may call shrinker, so it must use down_read_trylock() */
        id = idr_alloc(&shrinker_idr, SHRINKER_REGISTERING, 0, 0, GFP_KERNEL);
        if (id < 0)
                goto unlock;

        if (id >= shrinker_nr_max) {
                if (memcg_expand_shrinker_maps(id)) {
                        idr_remove(&shrinker_idr, id);
                        goto unlock;
                }

                shrinker_nr_max = id + 1;
        }
        shrinker->id = id;
        ret = 0;
unlock:
        up_write(&shrinker_rwsem);
        return ret;
}

static void unregister_memcg_shrinker(struct shrinker *shrinker)
{
        int id = shrinker->id;

        BUG_ON(id < 0);

        down_write(&shrinker_rwsem);
        idr_remove(&shrinker_idr, id);
        up_write(&shrinker_rwsem);
}
#else /* CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM */
static int prealloc_memcg_shrinker(struct shrinker *shrinker)
{
        return 0;
}

static void unregister_memcg_shrinker(struct shrinker *shrinker)
{
}
#endif /* CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM */

#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG
static bool global_reclaim(struct scan_control *sc)
{
        return !sc->target_mem_cgroup;
}

/**
 * sane_reclaim - is the usual dirty throttling mechanism operational?
 * @sc: scan_control in question
 *
 * The normal page dirty throttling mechanism in balance_dirty_pages() is
 * completely broken with the legacy memcg and direct stalling in
 * shrink_page_list() is used for throttling instead, which lacks all the
 * niceties such as fairness, adaptive pausing, bandwidth proportional
 * allocation and configurability.
 *
 * This function tests whether the vmscan currently in progress can assume
 * that the normal dirty throttling mechanism is operational.
 */
static bool sane_reclaim(struct scan_control *sc)
{
        struct mem_cgroup *memcg = sc->target_mem_cgroup;

        if (!memcg)
                return true;
#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_WRITEBACK
        if (cgroup_subsys_on_dfl(memory_cgrp_subsys))
                return true;
#endif
        return false;
}

static void set_memcg_congestion(pg_data_t *pgdat,
                                struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
                                bool congested)
{
        struct mem_cgroup_per_node *mn;

        if (!memcg)
                return;

        mn = mem_cgroup_nodeinfo(memcg, pgdat->node_id);
        WRITE_ONCE(mn->congested, congested);
}

static bool memcg_congested(pg_data_t *pgdat,
                        struct mem_cgroup *memcg)
{
        struct mem_cgroup_per_node *mn;

        mn = mem_cgroup_nodeinfo(memcg, pgdat->node_id);
        return READ_ONCE(mn->congested);

}
#else
static bool global_reclaim(struct scan_control *sc)
{
        return true;
}

static bool sane_reclaim(struct scan_control *sc)
{
        return true;
}

static inline void set_memcg_congestion(struct pglist_data *pgdat,
                                struct mem_cgroup *memcg, bool congested)
{
}

static inline bool memcg_congested(struct pglist_data *pgdat,
                        struct mem_cgroup *memcg)
{
        return false;

}
#endif

/*
 * This misses isolated pages which are not accounted for to save counters.
 * As the data only determines if reclaim or compaction continues, it is
 * not expected that isolated pages will be a dominating factor.
 */
unsigned long zone_reclaimable_pages(struct zone *zone)
{
        unsigned long nr;

        nr = zone_page_state_snapshot(zone, NR_ZONE_INACTIVE_FILE) +
                zone_page_state_snapshot(zone, NR_ZONE_ACTIVE_FILE);
        if (get_nr_swap_pages() > 0)
                nr += zone_page_state_snapshot(zone, NR_ZONE_INACTIVE_ANON) +
                        zone_page_state_snapshot(zone, NR_ZONE_ACTIVE_ANON);

        return nr;
}

/**
 * lruvec_lru_size -  Returns the number of pages on the given LRU list.
 * @lruvec: lru vector
 * @lru: lru to use
 * @zone_idx: zones to consider (use MAX_NR_ZONES for the whole LRU list)
 */
unsigned long lruvec_lru_size(struct lruvec *lruvec, enum lru_list lru, int zone_idx)
{
        unsigned long lru_size;
        int zid;

        if (!mem_cgroup_disabled())
                lru_size = mem_cgroup_get_lru_size(lruvec, lru);
        else
                lru_size = node_page_state(lruvec_pgdat(lruvec), NR_LRU_BASE + lru);

        for (zid = zone_idx + 1; zid < MAX_NR_ZONES; zid++) {
                struct zone *zone = &lruvec_pgdat(lruvec)->node_zones[zid];
                unsigned long size;

                if (!managed_zone(zone))
                        continue;

                if (!mem_cgroup_disabled())
                        size = mem_cgroup_get_zone_lru_size(lruvec, lru, zid);
                else
                        size = zone_page_state(&lruvec_pgdat(lruvec)->node_zones[zid],
                                       NR_ZONE_LRU_BASE + lru);
                lru_size -= min(size, lru_size);
        }

        return lru_size;

}

/*
 * Add a shrinker callback to be called from the vm.
 */
int prealloc_shrinker(struct shrinker *shrinker)
{
        size_t size = sizeof(*shrinker->nr_deferred);

        if (shrinker->flags & SHRINKER_NUMA_AWARE)
                size *= nr_node_ids;

        shrinker->nr_deferred = kzalloc(size, GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!shrinker->nr_deferred)
                return -ENOMEM;

        if (shrinker->flags & SHRINKER_MEMCG_AWARE) {
                if (prealloc_memcg_shrinker(shrinker))
                        goto free_deferred;
        }

        return 0;

free_deferred:
        kfree(shrinker->nr_deferred);
        shrinker->nr_deferred = NULL;
        return -ENOMEM;
}

void free_prealloced_shrinker(struct shrinker *shrinker)
{
        if (!shrinker->nr_deferred)
                return;

        if (shrinker->flags & SHRINKER_MEMCG_AWARE)
                unregister_memcg_shrinker(shrinker);

        kfree(shrinker->nr_deferred);
        shrinker->nr_deferred = NULL;
}

void register_shrinker_prepared(struct shrinker *shrinker)
{
        down_write(&shrinker_rwsem);
        list_add_tail(&shrinker->list, &shrinker_list);
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM
        if (shrinker->flags & SHRINKER_MEMCG_AWARE)
                idr_replace(&shrinker_idr, shrinker, shrinker->id);
#endif
        up_write(&shrinker_rwsem);
}

int register_shrinker(struct shrinker *shrinker)
{
        int err = prealloc_shrinker(shrinker);

        if (err)
                return err;
        register_shrinker_prepared(shrinker);
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(register_shrinker);

/*
 * Remove one
 */
void unregister_shrinker(struct shrinker *shrinker)
{
        if (!shrinker->nr_deferred)
                return;
        if (shrinker->flags & SHRINKER_MEMCG_AWARE)
                unregister_memcg_shrinker(shrinker);
        down_write(&shrinker_rwsem);
        list_del(&shrinker->list);
        up_write(&shrinker_rwsem);
        kfree(shrinker->nr_deferred);
        shrinker->nr_deferred = NULL;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(unregister_shrinker);

#define SHRINK_BATCH 128

static unsigned long do_shrink_slab(struct shrink_control *shrinkctl,
                                    struct shrinker *shrinker, int priority)
{
        unsigned long freed = 0;
        unsigned long long delta;
        long total_scan;
        long freeable;
        long nr;
        long new_nr;
        int nid = shrinkctl->nid;
        long batch_size = shrinker->batch ? shrinker->batch
                                          : SHRINK_BATCH;
        long scanned = 0, next_deferred;

        if (!(shrinker->flags & SHRINKER_NUMA_AWARE))
                nid = 0;

        freeable = shrinker->count_objects(shrinker, shrinkctl);
        if (freeable == 0 || freeable == SHRINK_EMPTY)
                return freeable;

        /*
         * copy the current shrinker scan count into a local variable
         * and zero it so that other concurrent shrinker invocations
         * don't also do this scanning work.
         */
        nr = atomic_long_xchg(&shrinker->nr_deferred[nid], 0);

        total_scan = nr;
        delta = freeable >> priority;
        delta *= 4;
        do_div(delta, shrinker->seeks);

        /*
         * Make sure we apply some minimal pressure on default priority
         * even on small cgroups. Stale objects are not only consuming memory
         * by themselves, but can also hold a reference to a dying cgroup,
         * preventing it from being reclaimed. A dying cgroup with all
         * corresponding structures like per-cpu stats and kmem caches
         * can be really big, so it may lead to a significant waste of memory.
         */
        delta = max_t(unsigned long long, delta, min(freeable, batch_size));

        total_scan += delta;
        if (total_scan < 0) {
                pr_err("shrink_slab: %pF negative objects to delete nr=%ld\n",
                       shrinker->scan_objects, total_scan);
                total_scan = freeable;
                next_deferred = nr;
        } else
                next_deferred = total_scan;

        /*
         * We need to avoid excessive windup on filesystem shrinkers
         * due to large numbers of GFP_NOFS allocations causing the
         * shrinkers to return -1 all the time. This results in a large
         * nr being built up so when a shrink that can do some work
         * comes along it empties the entire cache due to nr >>>
         * freeable. This is bad for sustaining a working set in
         * memory.
         *
         * Hence only allow the shrinker to scan the entire cache when
         * a large delta change is calculated directly.
         */
        if (delta < freeable / 4)
                total_scan = min(total_scan, freeable / 2);

        /*
         * Avoid risking looping forever due to too large nr value:
         * never try to free more than twice the estimate number of
         * freeable entries.
         */
        if (total_scan > freeable * 2)
                total_scan = freeable * 2;

        trace_mm_shrink_slab_start(shrinker, shrinkctl, nr,
                                   freeable, delta, total_scan, priority);

        /*
         * Normally, we should not scan less than batch_size objects in one
         * pass to avoid too frequent shrinker calls, but if the slab has less
         * than batch_size objects in total and we are really tight on memory,
         * we will try to reclaim all available objects, otherwise we can end
         * up failing allocations although there are plenty of reclaimable
         * objects spread over several slabs with usage less than the
         * batch_size.
         *
         * We detect the "tight on memory" situations by looking at the total
         * number of objects we want to scan (total_scan). If it is greater
         * than the total number of objects on slab (freeable), we must be
         * scanning at high prio and therefore should try to reclaim as much as
         * possible.
         */
        while (total_scan >= batch_size ||
               total_scan >= freeable) {
                unsigned long ret;
                unsigned long nr_to_scan = min(batch_size, total_scan);

                shrinkctl->nr_to_scan = nr_to_scan;
                shrinkctl->nr_scanned = nr_to_scan;
                ret = shrinker->scan_objects(shrinker, shrinkctl);
                if (ret == SHRINK_STOP)
                        break;
                freed += ret;

                count_vm_events(SLABS_SCANNED, shrinkctl->nr_scanned);
                total_scan -= shrinkctl->nr_scanned;
                scanned += shrinkctl->nr_scanned;

                cond_resched();
        }

        if (next_deferred >= scanned)
                next_deferred -= scanned;
        else
                next_deferred = 0;
        /*
         * move the unused scan count back into the shrinker in a
         * manner that handles concurrent updates. If we exhausted the
         * scan, there is no need to do an update.
         */
        if (next_deferred > 0)
                new_nr = atomic_long_add_return(next_deferred,
                                                &shrinker->nr_deferred[nid]);
        else
                new_nr = atomic_long_read(&shrinker->nr_deferred[nid]);

        trace_mm_shrink_slab_end(shrinker, nid, freed, nr, new_nr, total_scan);
        return freed;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM
static unsigned long shrink_slab_memcg(gfp_t gfp_mask, int nid,
                        struct mem_cgroup *memcg, int priority)
{
        struct memcg_shrinker_map *map;
        unsigned long ret, freed = 0;
        int i;

        if (!memcg_kmem_enabled() || !mem_cgroup_online(memcg))
                return 0;

        if (!down_read_trylock(&shrinker_rwsem))
                return 0;

        map = rcu_dereference_protected(memcg->nodeinfo[nid]->shrinker_map,
                                        true);
        if (unlikely(!map))
                goto unlock;

        for_each_set_bit(i, map->map, shrinker_nr_max) {
                struct shrink_control sc = {
                        .gfp_mask = gfp_mask,
                        .nid = nid,
                        .memcg = memcg,
                };
                struct shrinker *shrinker;

                shrinker = idr_find(&shrinker_idr, i);
                if (unlikely(!shrinker || shrinker == SHRINKER_REGISTERING)) {
                        if (!shrinker)
                                clear_bit(i, map->map);
                        continue;
                }

                ret = do_shrink_slab(&sc, shrinker, priority);
                if (ret == SHRINK_EMPTY) {
                        clear_bit(i, map->map);
                        /*
                         * After the shrinker reported that it had no objects to
                         * free, but before we cleared the corresponding bit in
                         * the memcg shrinker map, a new object might have been
                         * added. To make sure, we have the bit set in this
                         * case, we invoke the shrinker one more time and reset
                         * the bit if it reports that it is not empty anymore.
                         * The memory barrier here pairs with the barrier in
                         * memcg_set_shrinker_bit():
                         *
                         * list_lru_add()     shrink_slab_memcg()
                         *   list_add_tail()    clear_bit()
                         *   <MB>               <MB>
                         *   set_bit()          do_shrink_slab()
                         */
                        smp_mb__after_atomic();
                        ret = do_shrink_slab(&sc, shrinker, priority);
                        if (ret == SHRINK_EMPTY)
                                ret = 0;
                        else
                                memcg_set_shrinker_bit(memcg, nid, i);
                }
                freed += ret;

                if (rwsem_is_contended(&shrinker_rwsem)) {
                        freed = freed ? : 1;
                        break;
                }
        }
unlock:
        up_read(&shrinker_rwsem);
        return freed;
}
#else /* CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM */
static unsigned long shrink_slab_memcg(gfp_t gfp_mask, int nid,
                        struct mem_cgroup *memcg, int priority)
{
        return 0;
}
#endif /* CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM */

/**
 * shrink_slab - shrink slab caches
 * @gfp_mask: allocation context
 * @nid: node whose slab caches to target
 * @memcg: memory cgroup whose slab caches to target
 * @priority: the reclaim priority
 *
 * Call the shrink functions to age shrinkable caches.
 *
 * @nid is passed along to shrinkers with SHRINKER_NUMA_AWARE set,
 * unaware shrinkers will receive a node id of 0 instead.
 *
 * @memcg specifies the memory cgroup to target. Unaware shrinkers
 * are called only if it is the root cgroup.
 *
 * @priority is sc->priority, we take the number of objects and >> by priority
 * in order to get the scan target.
 *
 * Returns the number of reclaimed slab objects.
 */
static unsigned long shrink_slab(gfp_t gfp_mask, int nid,
                                 struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
                                 int priority)
{
        unsigned long ret, freed = 0;
        struct shrinker *shrinker;

        if (!mem_cgroup_is_root(memcg))
                return shrink_slab_memcg(gfp_mask, nid, memcg, priority);

        if (!down_read_trylock(&shrinker_rwsem))
                goto out;

        list_for_each_entry(shrinker, &shrinker_list, list) {
                struct shrink_control sc = {
                        .gfp_mask = gfp_mask,
                        .nid = nid,
                        .memcg = memcg,
                };

                ret = do_shrink_slab(&sc, shrinker, priority);
                if (ret == SHRINK_EMPTY)
                        ret = 0;
                freed += ret;
                /*
                 * Bail out if someone want to register a new shrinker to
                 * prevent the regsitration from being stalled for long periods
                 * by parallel ongoing shrinking.
                 */
                if (rwsem_is_contended(&shrinker_rwsem)) {
                        freed = freed ? : 1;
                        break;
                }
        }

        up_read(&shrinker_rwsem);
out:
        cond_resched();
        return freed;
}

void drop_slab_node(int nid)
{
        unsigned long freed;

        do {
                struct mem_cgroup *memcg = NULL;

                freed = 0;
                memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(NULL, NULL, NULL);
                do {
                        freed += shrink_slab(GFP_KERNEL, nid, memcg, 0);
                } while ((memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(NULL, memcg, NULL)) != NULL);
        } while (freed > 10);
}

void drop_slab(void)
{
        int nid;

        for_each_online_node(nid)
                drop_slab_node(nid);
}

static inline int is_page_cache_freeable(struct page *page)
{
        /*
         * A freeable page cache page is referenced only by the caller
         * that isolated the page, the page cache radix tree and
         * optional buffer heads at page->private.
         */
        int radix_pins = PageTransHuge(page) && PageSwapCache(page) ?
                HPAGE_PMD_NR : 1;
        return page_count(page) - page_has_private(page) == 1 + radix_pins;
}

static int may_write_to_inode(struct inode *inode, struct scan_control *sc)
{
        if (current->flags & PF_SWAPWRITE)
                return 1;
        if (!inode_write_congested(inode))
                return 1;
        if (inode_to_bdi(inode) == current->backing_dev_info)
                return 1;
        return 0;
}

/*
 * We detected a synchronous write error writing a page out.  Probably
 * -ENOSPC.  We need to propagate that into the address_space for a subsequent
 * fsync(), msync() or close().
 *
 * The tricky part is that after writepage we cannot touch the mapping: nothing
 * prevents it from being freed up.  But we have a ref on the page and once
 * that page is locked, the mapping is pinned.
 *
 * We're allowed to run sleeping lock_page() here because we know the caller has
 * __GFP_FS.
 */
static void handle_write_error(struct address_space *mapping,
                                struct page *page, int error)
{
        lock_page(page);
        if (page_mapping(page) == mapping)
                mapping_set_error(mapping, error);
        unlock_page(page);
}

/* possible outcome of pageout() */
typedef enum {
        /* failed to write page out, page is locked */
        PAGE_KEEP,
        /* move page to the active list, page is locked */
        PAGE_ACTIVATE,
        /* page has been sent to the disk successfully, page is unlocked */
        PAGE_SUCCESS,
        /* page is clean and locked */
        PAGE_CLEAN,
} pageout_t;

/*
 * pageout is called by shrink_page_list() for each dirty page.
 * Calls ->writepage().
 */
static pageout_t pageout(struct page *page, struct address_space *mapping,
                         struct scan_control *sc)
{
        /*
         * If the page is dirty, only perform writeback if that write
         * will be non-blocking.  To prevent this allocation from being
         * stalled by pagecache activity.  But note that there may be
         * stalls if we need to run get_block().  We could test
         * PagePrivate for that.
         *
         * If this process is currently in __generic_file_write_iter() against
         * this page's queue, we can perform writeback even if that
         * will block.
         *
         * If the page is swapcache, write it back even if that would
         * block, for some throttling. This happens by accident, because
         * swap_backing_dev_info is bust: it doesn't reflect the
         * congestion state of the swapdevs.  Easy to fix, if needed.
         */
        if (!is_page_cache_freeable(page))
                return PAGE_KEEP;
        if (!mapping) {
                /*
                 * Some data journaling orphaned pages can have
                 * page->mapping == NULL while being dirty with clean buffers.
                 */
                if (page_has_private(page)) {
                        if (try_to_free_buffers(page)) {
                                ClearPageDirty(page);
                                pr_info("%s: orphaned page\n", __func__);
                                return PAGE_CLEAN;
                        }
                }
                return PAGE_KEEP;
        }
        if (mapping->a_ops->writepage == NULL)
                return PAGE_ACTIVATE;
        if (!may_write_to_inode(mapping->host, sc))
                return PAGE_KEEP;

        if (clear_page_dirty_for_io(page)) {
                int res;
                struct writeback_control wbc = {
                        .sync_mode = WB_SYNC_NONE,
                        .nr_to_write = SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX,
                        .range_start = 0,
                        .range_end = LLONG_MAX,
                        .for_reclaim = 1,
                };

                SetPageReclaim(page);
                res = mapping->a_ops->writepage(page, &wbc);
                if (res < 0)
                        handle_write_error(mapping, page, res);
                if (res == AOP_WRITEPAGE_ACTIVATE) {
                        ClearPageReclaim(page);
                        return PAGE_ACTIVATE;
                }

                if (!PageWriteback(page)) {
                        /* synchronous write or broken a_ops? */
                        ClearPageReclaim(page);
                }
                trace_mm_vmscan_writepage(page);
                inc_node_page_state(page, NR_VMSCAN_WRITE);
                return PAGE_SUCCESS;
        }

        return PAGE_CLEAN;
}

/*
 * Same as remove_mapping, but if the page is removed from the mapping, it
 * gets returned with a refcount of 0.
 */
static int __remove_mapping(struct address_space *mapping, struct page *page,
                            bool reclaimed)
{
        unsigned long flags;
        int refcount;

        BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page));
        BUG_ON(mapping != page_mapping(page));

        xa_lock_irqsave(&mapping->i_pages, flags);
        /*
         * The non racy check for a busy page.
         *
         * Must be careful with the order of the tests. When someone has
         * a ref to the page, it may be possible that they dirty it then
         * drop the reference. So if PageDirty is tested before page_count
         * here, then the following race may occur:
         *
         * get_user_pages(&page);
         * [user mapping goes away]
         * write_to(page);
         *                              !PageDirty(page)    [good]
         * SetPageDirty(page);
         * put_page(page);
         *                              !page_count(page)   [good, discard it]
         *
         * [oops, our write_to data is lost]
         *
         * Reversing the order of the tests ensures such a situation cannot
         * escape unnoticed. The smp_rmb is needed to ensure the page->flags
         * load is not satisfied before that of page->_refcount.
         *
         * Note that if SetPageDirty is always performed via set_page_dirty,
         * and thus under the i_pages lock, then this ordering is not required.
         */
        if (unlikely(PageTransHuge(page)) && PageSwapCache(page))
                refcount = 1 + HPAGE_PMD_NR;
        else
                refcount = 2;
        if (!page_ref_freeze(page, refcount))
                goto cannot_free;
        /* note: atomic_cmpxchg in page_ref_freeze provides the smp_rmb */
        if (unlikely(PageDirty(page))) {
                page_ref_unfreeze(page, refcount);
                goto cannot_free;
        }

        if (PageSwapCache(page)) {
                swp_entry_t swap = { .val = page_private(page) };
                mem_cgroup_swapout(page, swap);
                __delete_from_swap_cache(page);
                xa_unlock_irqrestore(&mapping->i_pages, flags);
                put_swap_page(page, swap);
        } else {
                void (*freepage)(struct page *);
                void *shadow = NULL;

                freepage = mapping->a_ops->freepage;
                /*
                 * Remember a shadow entry for reclaimed file cache in
                 * order to detect refaults, thus thrashing, later on.
                 *
                 * But don't store shadows in an address space that is
                 * already exiting.  This is not just an optizimation,
                 * inode reclaim needs to empty out the radix tree or
                 * the nodes are lost.  Don't plant shadows behind its
                 * back.
                 *
                 * We also don't store shadows for DAX mappings because the
                 * only page cache pages found in these are zero pages
                 * covering holes, and because we don't want to mix DAX
                 * exceptional entries and shadow exceptional entries in the
                 * same address_space.
                 */
                if (reclaimed && page_is_file_cache(page) &&
                    !mapping_exiting(mapping) && !dax_mapping(mapping))
                        shadow = workingset_eviction(mapping, page);
                __delete_from_page_cache(page, shadow);
                xa_unlock_irqrestore(&mapping->i_pages, flags);

                if (freepage != NULL)
                        freepage(page);
        }

        return 1;

cannot_free:
        xa_unlock_irqrestore(&mapping->i_pages, flags);
        return 0;
}

/*
 * Attempt to detach a locked page from its ->mapping.  If it is dirty or if
 * someone else has a ref on the page, abort and return 0.  If it was
 * successfully detached, return 1.  Assumes the caller has a single ref on
 * this page.
 */
int remove_mapping(struct address_space *mapping, struct page *page)
{
        if (__remove_mapping(mapping, page, false)) {
                /*
                 * Unfreezing the refcount with 1 rather than 2 effectively
                 * drops the pagecache ref for us without requiring another
                 * atomic operation.
                 */
                page_ref_unfreeze(page, 1);
                return 1;
        }
        return 0;
}

/**
 * putback_lru_page - put previously isolated page onto appropriate LRU list
 * @page: page to be put back to appropriate lru list
 *
 * Add previously isolated @page to appropriate LRU list.
 * Page may still be unevictable for other reasons.
 *
 * lru_lock must not be held, interrupts must be enabled.
 */
void putback_lru_page(struct page *page)
{
        lru_cache_add(page);
        put_page(page);         /* drop ref from isolate */
}

enum page_references {
        PAGEREF_RECLAIM,
        PAGEREF_RECLAIM_CLEAN,
        PAGEREF_KEEP,
        PAGEREF_ACTIVATE,
};

static enum page_references page_check_references(struct page *page,
                                                  struct scan_control *sc)
{
        int referenced_ptes, referenced_page;
        unsigned long vm_flags;

        referenced_ptes = page_referenced(page, 1, sc->target_mem_cgroup,
                                          &vm_flags);
        referenced_page = TestClearPageReferenced(page);

        /*
         * Mlock lost the isolation race with us.  Let try_to_unmap()
         * move the page to the unevictable list.
         */
        if (vm_flags & VM_LOCKED)
                return PAGEREF_RECLAIM;

        if (referenced_ptes) {
                if (PageSwapBacked(page))
                        return PAGEREF_ACTIVATE;
                /*
                 * All mapped pages start out with page table
                 * references from the instantiating fault, so we need
                 * to look twice if a mapped file page is used more
                 * than once.
                 *
                 * Mark it and spare it for another trip around the
                 * inactive list.  Another page table reference will
                 * lead to its activation.
                 *
                 * Note: the mark is set for activated pages as well
                 * so that recently deactivated but used pages are
                 * quickly recovered.
                 */
                SetPageReferenced(page);

                if (referenced_page || referenced_ptes > 1)
                        return PAGEREF_ACTIVATE;

                /*
                 * Activate file-backed executable pages after first usage.
                 */
                if (vm_flags & VM_EXEC)
                        return PAGEREF_ACTIVATE;

                return PAGEREF_KEEP;
        }

        /* Reclaim if clean, defer dirty pages to writeback */
        if (referenced_page && !PageSwapBacked(page))
                return PAGEREF_RECLAIM_CLEAN;

        return PAGEREF_RECLAIM;
}

/* Check if a page is dirty or under writeback */
static void page_check_dirty_writeback(struct page *page,
                                       bool *dirty, bool *writeback)
{
        struct address_space *mapping;

        /*
         * Anonymous pages are not handled by flushers and must be written
         * from reclaim context. Do not stall reclaim based on them
         */
        if (!page_is_file_cache(page) ||
            (PageAnon(page) && !PageSwapBacked(page))) {
                *dirty = false;
                *writeback = false;
                return;
        }

        /* By default assume that the page flags are accurate */
        *dirty = PageDirty(page);
        *writeback = PageWriteback(page);

        /* Verify dirty/writeback state if the filesystem supports it */
        if (!page_has_private(page))
                return;

        mapping = page_mapping(page);
        if (mapping && mapping->a_ops->is_dirty_writeback)
                mapping->a_ops->is_dirty_writeback(page, dirty, writeback);
}

/*
 * shrink_page_list() returns the number of reclaimed pages
 */
static unsigned long shrink_page_list(struct list_head *page_list,
                                      struct pglist_data *pgdat,
                                      struct scan_control *sc,
                                      enum ttu_flags ttu_flags,
                                      struct reclaim_stat *stat,
                                      bool force_reclaim)
{
        LIST_HEAD(ret_pages);
        LIST_HEAD(free_pages);
        int pgactivate = 0;
        unsigned nr_unqueued_dirty = 0;
        unsigned nr_dirty = 0;
        unsigned nr_congested = 0;
        unsigned nr_reclaimed = 0;
        unsigned nr_writeback = 0;
        unsigned nr_immediate = 0;
        unsigned nr_ref_keep = 0;
        unsigned nr_unmap_fail = 0;

        cond_resched();

        while (!list_empty(page_list)) {
                struct address_space *mapping;
                struct page *page;
                int may_enter_fs;
                enum page_references references = PAGEREF_RECLAIM_CLEAN;
                bool dirty, writeback;

                cond_resched();

                page = lru_to_page(page_list);
                list_del(&page->lru);

                if (!trylock_page(page))
                        goto keep;

                VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageActive(page), page);

                sc->nr_scanned++;

                if (unlikely(!page_evictable(page)))
                        goto activate_locked;

                if (!sc->may_unmap && page_mapped(page))
                        goto keep_locked;

                /* Double the slab pressure for mapped and swapcache pages */
                if ((page_mapped(page) || PageSwapCache(page)) &&
                    !(PageAnon(page) && !PageSwapBacked(page)))
                        sc->nr_scanned++;

                may_enter_fs = (sc->gfp_mask & __GFP_FS) ||
                        (PageSwapCache(page) && (sc->gfp_mask & __GFP_IO));

                /*
                 * The number of dirty pages determines if a node is marked
                 * reclaim_congested which affects wait_iff_congested. kswapd
                 * will stall and start writing pages if the tail of the LRU
                 * is all dirty unqueued pages.
                 */
                page_check_dirty_writeback(page, &dirty, &writeback);
                if (dirty || writeback)
                        nr_dirty++;

                if (dirty && !writeback)
                        nr_unqueued_dirty++;

                /*
                 * Treat this page as congested if the underlying BDI is or if
                 * pages are cycling through the LRU so quickly that the
                 * pages marked for immediate reclaim are making it to the
                 * end of the LRU a second time.
                 */
                mapping = page_mapping(page);
                if (((dirty || writeback) && mapping &&
                     inode_write_congested(mapping->host)) ||
                    (writeback && PageReclaim(page)))
                        nr_congested++;

                /*
                 * If a page at the tail of the LRU is under writeback, there
                 * are three cases to consider.
                 *
                 * 1) If reclaim is encountering an excessive number of pages
                 *    under writeback and this page is both under writeback and
                 *    PageReclaim then it indicates that pages are being queued
                 *    for IO but are being recycled through the LRU before the
                 *    IO can complete. Waiting on the page itself risks an
                 *    indefinite stall if it is impossible to writeback the
                 *    page due to IO error or disconnected storage so instead
                 *    note that the LRU is being scanned too quickly and the
                 *    caller can stall after page list has been processed.
                 *
                 * 2) Global or new memcg reclaim encounters a page that is
                 *    not marked for immediate reclaim, or the caller does not
                 *    have __GFP_FS (or __GFP_IO if it's simply going to swap,
                 *    not to fs). In this case mark the page for immediate
                 *    reclaim and continue scanning.
                 *
                 *    Require may_enter_fs because we would wait on fs, which
                 *    may not have submitted IO yet. And the loop driver might
                 *    enter reclaim, and deadlock if it waits on a page for
                 *    which it is needed to do the write (loop masks off
                 *    __GFP_IO|__GFP_FS for this reason); but more thought
                 *    would probably show more reasons.
                 *
                 * 3) Legacy memcg encounters a page that is already marked
                 *    PageReclaim. memcg does not have any dirty pages
                 *    throttling so we could easily OOM just because too many
                 *    pages are in writeback and there is nothing else to
                 *    reclaim. Wait for the writeback to complete.
                 *
                 * In cases 1) and 2) we activate the pages to get them out of
                 * the way while we continue scanning for clean pages on the
                 * inactive list and refilling from the active list. The
                 * observation here is that waiting for disk writes is more
                 * expensive than potentially causing reloads down the line.
                 * Since they're marked for immediate reclaim, they won't put
                 * memory pressure on the cache working set any longer than it
                 * takes to write them to disk.
                 */
                if (PageWriteback(page)) {
                        /* Case 1 above */
                        if (current_is_kswapd() &&
                            PageReclaim(page) &&
                            test_bit(PGDAT_WRITEBACK, &pgdat->flags)) {
                                nr_immediate++;
                                goto activate_locked;

                        /* Case 2 above */
                        } else if (sane_reclaim(sc) ||
                            !PageReclaim(page) || !may_enter_fs) {
                                /*
                                 * This is slightly racy - end_page_writeback()
                                 * might have just cleared PageReclaim, then
                                 * setting PageReclaim here end up interpreted
                                 * as PageReadahead - but that does not matter
                                 * enough to care.  What we do want is for this
                                 * page to have PageReclaim set next time memcg
                                 * reclaim reaches the tests above, so it will
                                 * then wait_on_page_writeback() to avoid OOM;
                                 * and it's also appropriate in global reclaim.
                                 */
                                SetPageReclaim(page);
                                nr_writeback++;
                                goto activate_locked;

                        /* Case 3 above */
                        } else {
                                unlock_page(page);
                                wait_on_page_writeback(page);
                                /* then go back and try same page again */
                                list_add_tail(&page->lru, page_list);
                                continue;
                        }
                }

                if (!force_reclaim)
                        references = page_check_references(page, sc);

                switch (references) {
                case PAGEREF_ACTIVATE:
                        goto activate_locked;
                case PAGEREF_KEEP:
                        nr_ref_keep++;
                        goto keep_locked;
                case PAGEREF_RECLAIM:
                case PAGEREF_RECLAIM_CLEAN:
                        ; /* try to reclaim the page below */
                }

                /*
                 * Anonymous process memory has backing store?
                 * Try to allocate it some swap space here.
                 * Lazyfree page could be freed directly
                 */
                if (PageAnon(page) && PageSwapBacked(page)) {
                        if (!PageSwapCache(page)) {
                                if (!(sc->gfp_mask & __GFP_IO))
                                        goto keep_locked;
                                if (PageTransHuge(page)) {
                                        /* cannot split THP, skip it */
                                        if (!can_split_huge_page(page, NULL))
                                                goto activate_locked;
                                        /*
                                         * Split pages without a PMD map right
                                         * away. Chances are some or all of the
                                         * tail pages can be freed without IO.
                                         */
                                        if (!compound_mapcount(page) &&
                                            split_huge_page_to_list(page,
                                                                    page_list))
                                                goto activate_locked;
                                }
                                if (!add_to_swap(page)) {
                                        if (!PageTransHuge(page))
                                                goto activate_locked;
                                        /* Fallback to swap normal pages */
                                        if (split_huge_page_to_list(page,
                                                                    page_list))
                                                goto activate_locked;
#ifdef CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE
                                        count_vm_event(THP_SWPOUT_FALLBACK);
#endif
                                        if (!add_to_swap(page))
                                                goto activate_locked;
                                }

                                may_enter_fs = 1;

                                /* Adding to swap updated mapping */
                                mapping = page_mapping(page);
                        }
                } else if (unlikely(PageTransHuge(page))) {
                        /* Split file THP */
                        if (split_huge_page_to_list(page, page_list))
                                goto keep_locked;
                }

                /*
                 * The page is mapped into the page tables of one or more
                 * processes. Try to unmap it here.
                 */
                if (page_mapped(page)) {
                        enum ttu_flags flags = ttu_flags | TTU_BATCH_FLUSH;

                        if (unlikely(PageTransHuge(page)))
                                flags |= TTU_SPLIT_HUGE_PMD;
                        if (!try_to_unmap(page, flags)) {
                                nr_unmap_fail++;
                                goto activate_locked;
                        }
                }

                if (PageDirty(page)) {
                        /*
                         * Only kswapd can writeback filesystem pages
                         * to avoid risk of stack overflow. But avoid
                         * injecting inefficient single-page IO into
                         * flusher writeback as much as possible: only
                         * write pages when we've encountered many
                         * dirty pages, and when we've already scanned
                         * the rest of the LRU for clean pages and see
                         * the same dirty pages again (PageReclaim).
                         */
                        if (page_is_file_cache(page) &&
                            (!current_is_kswapd() || !PageReclaim(page) ||
                             !test_bit(PGDAT_DIRTY, &pgdat->flags))) {
                                /*
                                 * Immediately reclaim when written back.
                                 * Similar in principal to deactivate_page()
                                 * except we already have the page isolated
                                 * and know it's dirty
                                 */
                                inc_node_page_state(page, NR_VMSCAN_IMMEDIATE);
                                SetPageReclaim(page);

                                goto activate_locked;
                        }

                        if (references == PAGEREF_RECLAIM_CLEAN)
                                goto keep_locked;
                        if (!may_enter_fs)
                                goto keep_locked;
                        if (!sc->may_writepage)
                                goto keep_locked;

                        /*
                         * Page is dirty. Flush the TLB if a writable entry
                         * potentially exists to avoid CPU writes after IO
                         * starts and then write it out here.
                         */
                        try_to_unmap_flush_dirty();
                        switch (pageout(page, mapping, sc)) {
                        case PAGE_KEEP:
                                goto keep_locked;
                        case PAGE_ACTIVATE:
                                goto activate_locked;
                        case PAGE_SUCCESS:
                                if (PageWriteback(page))
                                        goto keep;
                                if (PageDirty(page))
                                        goto keep;

                                /*
                                 * A synchronous write - probably a ramdisk.  Go
                                 * ahead and try to reclaim the page.
                                 */
                                if (!trylock_page(page))
                                        goto keep;
                                if (PageDirty(page) || PageWriteback(page))
                                        goto keep_locked;
                                mapping = page_mapping(page);
                        case PAGE_CLEAN:
                                ; /* try to free the page below */
                        }
                }

                /*
                 * If the page has buffers, try to free the buffer mappings
                 * associated with this page. If we succeed we try to free
                 * the page as well.
                 *
                 * We do this even if the page is PageDirty().
                 * try_to_release_page() does not perform I/O, but it is
                 * possible for a page to have PageDirty set, but it is actually
                 * clean (all its buffers are clean).  This happens if the
                 * buffers were written out directly, with submit_bh(). ext3
                 * will do this, as well as the blockdev mapping.
                 * try_to_release_page() will discover that cleanness and will
                 * drop the buffers and mark the page clean - it can be freed.
                 *
                 * Rarely, pages can have buffers and no ->mapping.  These are
                 * the pages which were not successfully invalidated in
                 * truncate_complete_page().  We try to drop those buffers here
                 * and if that worked, and the page is no longer mapped into
                 * process address space (page_count == 1) it can be freed.
                 * Otherwise, leave the page on the LRU so it is swappable.
                 */
                if (page_has_private(page)) {
                        if (!try_to_release_page(page, sc->gfp_mask))
                                goto activate_locked;
                        if (!mapping && page_count(page) == 1) {
                                unlock_page(page);
                                if (put_page_testzero(page))
                                        goto free_it;
                                else {
                                        /*
                                         * rare race with speculative reference.
                                         * the speculative reference will free
                                         * this page shortly, so we may
                                         * increment nr_reclaimed here (and
                                         * leave it off the LRU).
                                         */
                                        nr_reclaimed++;
                                        continue;
                                }
                        }
                }

                if (PageAnon(page) && !PageSwapBacked(page)) {
                        /* follow __remove_mapping for reference */
                        if (!page_ref_freeze(page, 1))
                                goto keep_locked;
                        if (PageDirty(page)) {
                                page_ref_unfreeze(page, 1);
                                goto keep_locked;
                        }

                        count_vm_event(PGLAZYFREED);
                        count_memcg_page_event(page, PGLAZYFREED);
                } else if (!mapping || !__remove_mapping(mapping, page, true))
                        goto keep_locked;
                /*
                 * At this point, we have no other references and there is
                 * no way to pick any more up (removed from LRU, removed
                 * from pagecache). Can use non-atomic bitops now (and
                 * we obviously don't have to worry about waking up a process
                 * waiting on the page lock, because there are no references.
                 */
                __ClearPageLocked(page);
free_it:
                nr_reclaimed++;

                /*
                 * Is there need to periodically free_page_list? It would
                 * appear not as the counts should be low
                 */
                if (unlikely(PageTransHuge(page))) {
                        mem_cgroup_uncharge(page);
                        (*get_compound_page_dtor(page))(page);
                } else
                        list_add(&page->lru, &free_pages);
                continue;

activate_locked:
                /* Not a candidate for swapping, so reclaim swap space. */
                if (PageSwapCache(page) && (mem_cgroup_swap_full(page) ||
                                                PageMlocked(page)))
                        try_to_free_swap(page);
                VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageActive(page), page);
                if (!PageMlocked(page)) {
                        SetPageActive(page);
                        pgactivate++;
                        count_memcg_page_event(page, PGACTIVATE);
                }
keep_locked:
                unlock_page(page);
keep:
                list_add(&page->lru, &ret_pages);
                VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageLRU(page) || PageUnevictable(page), page);
        }

        mem_cgroup_uncharge_list(&free_pages);
        try_to_unmap_flush();
        free_unref_page_list(&free_pages);

        list_splice(&ret_pages, page_list);
        count_vm_events(PGACTIVATE, pgactivate);

        if (stat) {
                stat->nr_dirty = nr_dirty;
                stat->nr_congested = nr_congested;
                stat->nr_unqueued_dirty = nr_unqueued_dirty;
                stat->nr_writeback = nr_writeback;
                stat->nr_immediate = nr_immediate;
                stat->nr_activate = pgactivate;
                stat->nr_ref_keep = nr_ref_keep;
                stat->nr_unmap_fail = nr_unmap_fail;
        }
        return nr_reclaimed;
}

unsigned long reclaim_clean_pages_from_list(struct zone *zone,
                                            struct list_head *page_list)
{
        struct scan_control sc = {
                .gfp_mask = GFP_KERNEL,
                .priority = DEF_PRIORITY,
                .may_unmap = 1,
        };
        unsigned long ret;
        struct page *page, *next;
        LIST_HEAD(clean_pages);

        list_for_each_entry_safe(page, next, page_list, lru) {
                if (page_is_file_cache(page) && !PageDirty(page) &&
                    !__PageMovable(page)) {
                        ClearPageActive(page);
                        list_move(&page->lru, &clean_pages);
                }
        }

        ret = shrink_page_list(&clean_pages, zone->zone_pgdat, &sc,
                        TTU_IGNORE_ACCESS, NULL, true);
        list_splice(&clean_pages, page_list);
        mod_node_page_state(zone->zone_pgdat, NR_ISOLATED_FILE, -ret);
        return ret;
}

/*
 * Attempt to remove the specified page from its LRU.  Only take this page
 * if it is of the appropriate PageActive status.  Pages which are being
 * freed elsewhere are also ignored.
 *
 * page:        page to consider
 * mode:        one of the LRU isolation modes defined above
 *
 * returns 0 on success, -ve errno on failure.
 */
int __isolate_lru_page(struct page *page, isolate_mode_t mode)
{
        int ret = -EINVAL;

        /* Only take pages on the LRU. */
        if (!PageLRU(page))
                return ret;

        /* Compaction should not handle unevictable pages but CMA can do so */
        if (PageUnevictable(page) && !(mode & ISOLATE_UNEVICTABLE))
                return ret;

        ret = -EBUSY;

        /*
         * To minimise LRU disruption, the caller can indicate that it only
         * wants to isolate pages it will be able to operate on without
         * blocking - clean pages for the most part.
         *
         * ISOLATE_ASYNC_MIGRATE is used to indicate that it only wants to pages
         * that it is possible to migrate without blocking
         */
        if (mode & ISOLATE_ASYNC_MIGRATE) {
                /* All the caller can do on PageWriteback is block */
                if (PageWriteback(page))
                        return ret;

                if (PageDirty(page)) {
                        struct address_space *mapping;
                        bool migrate_dirty;

                        /*
                         * Only pages without mappings or that have a
                         * ->migratepage callback are possible to migrate
                         * without blocking. However, we can be racing with
                         * truncation so it's necessary to lock the page
                         * to stabilise the mapping as truncation holds
                         * the page lock until after the page is removed
                         * from the page cache.
                         */
                        if (!trylock_page(page))
                                return ret;

                        mapping = page_mapping(page);
                        migrate_dirty = !mapping || mapping->a_ops->migratepage;
                        unlock_page(page);
                        if (!migrate_dirty)
                                return ret;
                }
        }

        if ((mode & ISOLATE_UNMAPPED) && page_mapped(page))
                return ret;

        if (likely(get_page_unless_zero(page))) {
                /*
                 * Be careful not to clear PageLRU until after we're
                 * sure the page is not being freed elsewhere -- the
                 * page release code relies on it.
                 */
                ClearPageLRU(page);
                ret = 0;
        }

        return ret;
}


/*
 * Update LRU sizes after isolating pages. The LRU size updates must
 * be complete before mem_cgroup_update_lru_size due to a santity check.
 */
static __always_inline void update_lru_sizes(struct lruvec *lruvec,
                        enum lru_list lru, unsigned long *nr_zone_taken)
{
        int zid;

        for (zid = 0; zid < MAX_NR_ZONES; zid++) {
                if (!nr_zone_taken[zid])
                        continue;

                __update_lru_size(lruvec, lru, zid, -nr_zone_taken[zid]);
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG
                mem_cgroup_update_lru_size(lruvec, lru, zid, -nr_zone_taken[zid]);
#endif
        }

}

/*
 * zone_lru_lock is heavily contended.  Some of the functions that
 * shrink the lists perform better by taking out a batch of pages
 * and working on them outside the LRU lock.
 *
 * For pagecache intensive workloads, this function is the hottest
 * spot in the kernel (apart from copy_*_user functions).
 *
 * Appropriate locks must be held before calling this function.
 *
 * @nr_to_scan: The number of eligible pages to look through on the list.
 * @lruvec:     The LRU vector to pull pages from.
 * @dst:        The temp list to put pages on to.
 * @nr_scanned: The number of pages that were scanned.
 * @sc:         The scan_control struct for this reclaim session
 * @mode:       One of the LRU isolation modes
 * @lru:        LRU list id for isolating
 *
 * returns how many pages were moved onto *@dst.
 */
static unsigned long isolate_lru_pages(unsigned long nr_to_scan,
                struct lruvec *lruvec, struct list_head *dst,
                unsigned long *nr_scanned, struct scan_control *sc,
                isolate_mode_t mode, enum lru_list lru)
{
        struct list_head *src = &lruvec->lists[lru];
        unsigned long nr_taken = 0;
        unsigned long nr_zone_taken[MAX_NR_ZONES] = { 0 };
        unsigned long nr_skipped[MAX_NR_ZONES] = { 0, };
        unsigned long skipped = 0;
        unsigned long scan, total_scan, nr_pages;
        LIST_HEAD(pages_skipped);

        scan = 0;
        for (total_scan = 0;
             scan < nr_to_scan && nr_taken < nr_to_scan && !list_empty(src);
             total_scan++) {
                struct page *page;

                page = lru_to_page(src);
                prefetchw_prev_lru_page(page, src, flags);

                VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!PageLRU(page), page);

                if (page_zonenum(page) > sc->reclaim_idx) {
                        list_move(&page->lru, &pages_skipped);
                        nr_skipped[page_zonenum(page)]++;
                        continue;
                }

                /*
                 * Do not count skipped pages because that makes the function
                 * return with no isolated pages if the LRU mostly contains
                 * ineligible pages.  This causes the VM to not reclaim any
                 * pages, triggering a premature OOM.
                 */
                scan++;
                switch (__isolate_lru_page(page, mode)) {
                case 0:
                        nr_pages = hpage_nr_pages(page);
                        nr_taken += nr_pages;
                        nr_zone_taken[page_zonenum(page)] += nr_pages;
                        list_move(&page->lru, dst);
                        break;

                case -EBUSY:
                        /* else it is being freed elsewhere */
                        list_move(&page->lru, src);
                        continue;

                default:
                        BUG();
                }
        }

        /*
         * Splice any skipped pages to the start of the LRU list. Note that
         * this disrupts the LRU order when reclaiming for lower zones but
         * we cannot splice to the tail. If we did then the SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX
         * scanning would soon rescan the same pages to skip and put the
         * system at risk of premature OOM.
         */
        if (!list_empty(&pages_skipped)) {
                int zid;

                list_splice(&pages_skipped, src);
                for (zid = 0; zid < MAX_NR_ZONES; zid++) {
                        if (!nr_skipped[zid])
                                continue;

                        __count_zid_vm_events(PGSCAN_SKIP, zid, nr_skipped[zid]);
                        skipped += nr_skipped[zid];
                }
        }
        *nr_scanned = total_scan;
        trace_mm_vmscan_lru_isolate(sc->reclaim_idx, sc->order, nr_to_scan,
                                    total_scan, skipped, nr_taken, mode, lru);
        update_lru_sizes(lruvec, lru, nr_zone_taken);
        return nr_taken;
}

/**
 * isolate_lru_page - tries to isolate a page from its LRU list
 * @page: page to isolate from its LRU list
 *
 * Isolates a @page from an LRU list, clears PageLRU and adjusts the
 * vmstat statistic corresponding to whatever LRU list the page was on.
 *
 * Returns 0 if the page was removed from an LRU list.
 * Returns -EBUSY if the page was not on an LRU list.
 *
 * The returned page will have PageLRU() cleared.  If it was found on
 * the active list, it will have PageActive set.  If it was found on
 * the unevictable list, it will have the PageUnevictable bit set. That flag
 * may need to be cleared by the caller before letting the page go.
 *
 * The vmstat statistic corresponding to the list on which the page was
 * found will be decremented.
 *
 * Restrictions:
 *
 * (1) Must be called with an elevated refcount on the page. This is a
 *     fundamentnal difference from isolate_lru_pages (which is called
 *     without a stable reference).
 * (2) the lru_lock must not be held.
 * (3) interrupts must be enabled.
 */
int isolate_lru_page(struct page *page)
{
        int ret = -EBUSY;

        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!page_count(page), page);
        WARN_RATELIMIT(PageTail(page), "trying to isolate tail page");

        if (PageLRU(page)) {
                struct zone *zone = page_zone(page);
                struct lruvec *lruvec;

                spin_lock_irq(zone_lru_lock(zone));
                lruvec = mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page, zone->zone_pgdat);
                if (PageLRU(page)) {
                        int lru = page_lru(page);
                        get_page(page);
                        ClearPageLRU(page);
                        del_page_from_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru);
                        ret = 0;
                }
                spin_unlock_irq(zone_lru_lock(zone));
        }
        return ret;
}

/*
 * A direct reclaimer may isolate SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX pages from the LRU list and
 * then get resheduled. When there are massive number of tasks doing page
 * allocation, such sleeping direct reclaimers may keep piling up on each CPU,
 * the LRU list will go small and be scanned faster than necessary, leading to
 * unnecessary swapping, thrashing and OOM.
 */
static int too_many_isolated(struct pglist_data *pgdat, int file,
                struct scan_control *sc)
{
        unsigned long inactive, isolated;

        if (current_is_kswapd())
                return 0;

        if (!sane_reclaim(sc))
                return 0;

        if (file) {
                inactive = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_INACTIVE_FILE);
                isolated = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_ISOLATED_FILE);
        } else {
                inactive = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_INACTIVE_ANON);
                isolated = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_ISOLATED_ANON);
        }

        /*
         * GFP_NOIO/GFP_NOFS callers are allowed to isolate more pages, so they
         * won't get blocked by normal direct-reclaimers, forming a circular
         * deadlock.
         */
        if ((sc->gfp_mask & (__GFP_IO | __GFP_FS)) == (__GFP_IO | __GFP_FS))
                inactive >>= 3;

        return isolated > inactive;
}

static noinline_for_stack void
putback_inactive_pages(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct list_head *page_list)
{
        struct zone_reclaim_stat *reclaim_stat = &lruvec->reclaim_stat;
        struct pglist_data *pgdat = lruvec_pgdat(lruvec);
        LIST_HEAD(pages_to_free);

        /*
         * Put back any unfreeable pages.
         */
        while (!list_empty(page_list)) {
                struct page *page = lru_to_page(page_list);
                int lru;

                VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageLRU(page), page);
                list_del(&page->lru);
                if (unlikely(!page_evictable(page))) {
                        spin_unlock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
                        putback_lru_page(page);
                        spin_lock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
                        continue;
                }

                lruvec = mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page, pgdat);

                SetPageLRU(page);
                lru = page_lru(page);
                add_page_to_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru);

                if (is_active_lru(lru)) {
                        int file = is_file_lru(lru);
                        int numpages = hpage_nr_pages(page);
                        reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[file] += numpages;
                }
                if (put_page_testzero(page)) {
                        __ClearPageLRU(page);
                        __ClearPageActive(page);
                        del_page_from_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru);

                        if (unlikely(PageCompound(page))) {
                                spin_unlock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
                                mem_cgroup_uncharge(page);
                                (*get_compound_page_dtor(page))(page);
                                spin_lock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
                        } else
                                list_add(&page->lru, &pages_to_free);
                }
        }

        /*
         * To save our caller's stack, now use input list for pages to free.
         */
        list_splice(&pages_to_free, page_list);
}

/*
 * If a kernel thread (such as nfsd for loop-back mounts) services
 * a backing device by writing to the page cache it sets PF_LESS_THROTTLE.
 * In that case we should only throttle if the backing device it is
 * writing to is congested.  In other cases it is safe to throttle.
 */
static int current_may_throttle(void)
{
        return !(current->flags & PF_LESS_THROTTLE) ||
                current->backing_dev_info == NULL ||
                bdi_write_congested(current->backing_dev_info);
}

/*
 * shrink_inactive_list() is a helper for shrink_node().  It returns the number
 * of reclaimed pages
 */
static noinline_for_stack unsigned long
shrink_inactive_list(unsigned long nr_to_scan, struct lruvec *lruvec,
                     struct scan_control *sc, enum lru_list lru)
{
        LIST_HEAD(page_list);
        unsigned long nr_scanned;
        unsigned long nr_reclaimed = 0;
        unsigned long nr_taken;
        struct reclaim_stat stat = {};
        isolate_mode_t isolate_mode = 0;
        int file = is_file_lru(lru);
        struct pglist_data *pgdat = lruvec_pgdat(lruvec);
        struct zone_reclaim_stat *reclaim_stat = &lruvec->reclaim_stat;
        bool stalled = false;

        while (unlikely(too_many_isolated(pgdat, file, sc))) {
                if (stalled)
                        return 0;

                /* wait a bit for the reclaimer. */
                msleep(100);
                stalled = true;

                /* We are about to die and free our memory. Return now. */
                if (fatal_signal_pending(current))
                        return SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX;
        }

        lru_add_drain();

        if (!sc->may_unmap)
                isolate_mode |= ISOLATE_UNMAPPED;

        spin_lock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);

        nr_taken = isolate_lru_pages(nr_to_scan, lruvec, &page_list,
                                     &nr_scanned, sc, isolate_mode, lru);

        __mod_node_page_state(pgdat, NR_ISOLATED_ANON + file, nr_taken);
        reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[file] += nr_taken;

        if (current_is_kswapd()) {
                if (global_reclaim(sc))
                        __count_vm_events(PGSCAN_KSWAPD, nr_scanned);
                count_memcg_events(lruvec_memcg(lruvec), PGSCAN_KSWAPD,
                                   nr_scanned);
        } else {
                if (global_reclaim(sc))
                        __count_vm_events(PGSCAN_DIRECT, nr_scanned);
                count_memcg_events(lruvec_memcg(lruvec), PGSCAN_DIRECT,
                                   nr_scanned);
        }
        spin_unlock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);

        if (nr_taken == 0)
                return 0;

        nr_reclaimed = shrink_page_list(&page_list, pgdat, sc, 0,
                                &stat, false);

        spin_lock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);

        if (current_is_kswapd()) {
                if (global_reclaim(sc))
                        __count_vm_events(PGSTEAL_KSWAPD, nr_reclaimed);
                count_memcg_events(lruvec_memcg(lruvec), PGSTEAL_KSWAPD,
                                   nr_reclaimed);
        } else {
                if (global_reclaim(sc))
                        __count_vm_events(PGSTEAL_DIRECT, nr_reclaimed);
                count_memcg_events(lruvec_memcg(lruvec), PGSTEAL_DIRECT,
                                   nr_reclaimed);
        }

        putback_inactive_pages(lruvec, &page_list);

        __mod_node_page_state(pgdat, NR_ISOLATED_ANON + file, -nr_taken);

        spin_unlock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);

        mem_cgroup_uncharge_list(&page_list);
        free_unref_page_list(&page_list);

        /*
         * If dirty pages are scanned that are not queued for IO, it
         * implies that flushers are not doing their job. This can
         * happen when memory pressure pushes dirty pages to the end of
         * the LRU before the dirty limits are breached and the dirty
         * data has expired. It can also happen when the proportion of
         * dirty pages grows not through writes but through memory
         * pressure reclaiming all the clean cache. And in some cases,
         * the flushers simply cannot keep up with the allocation
         * rate. Nudge the flusher threads in case they are asleep.
         */
        if (stat.nr_unqueued_dirty == nr_taken)
                wakeup_flusher_threads(WB_REASON_VMSCAN);

        sc->nr.dirty += stat.nr_dirty;
        sc->nr.congested += stat.nr_congested;
        sc->nr.unqueued_dirty += stat.nr_unqueued_dirty;
        sc->nr.writeback += stat.nr_writeback;
        sc->nr.immediate += stat.nr_immediate;
        sc->nr.taken += nr_taken;
        if (file)
                sc->nr.file_taken += nr_taken;

        trace_mm_vmscan_lru_shrink_inactive(pgdat->node_id,
                        nr_scanned, nr_reclaimed, &stat, sc->priority, file);
        return nr_reclaimed;
}

/*
 * This moves pages from the active list to the inactive list.
 *
 * We move them the other way if the page is referenced by one or more
 * processes, from rmap.
 *
 * If the pages are mostly unmapped, the processing is fast and it is
 * appropriate to hold zone_lru_lock across the whole operation.  But if
 * the pages are mapped, the processing is slow (page_referenced()) so we
 * should drop zone_lru_lock around each page.  It's impossible to balance
 * this, so instead we remove the pages from the LRU while processing them.
 * It is safe to rely on PG_active against the non-LRU pages in here because
 * nobody will play with that bit on a non-LRU page.
 *
 * The downside is that we have to touch page->_refcount against each page.
 * But we had to alter page->flags anyway.
 *
 * Returns the number of pages moved to the given lru.
 */

static unsigned move_active_pages_to_lru(struct lruvec *lruvec,
                                     struct list_head *list,
                                     struct list_head *pages_to_free,
                                     enum lru_list lru)
{
        struct pglist_data *pgdat = lruvec_pgdat(lruvec);
        struct page *page;
        int nr_pages;
        int nr_moved = 0;

        while (!list_empty(list)) {
                page = lru_to_page(list);
                lruvec = mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page, pgdat);

                VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageLRU(page), page);
                SetPageLRU(page);

                nr_pages = hpage_nr_pages(page);
                update_lru_size(lruvec, lru, page_zonenum(page), nr_pages);
                list_move(&page->lru, &lruvec->lists[lru]);

                if (put_page_testzero(page)) {
                        __ClearPageLRU(page);
                        __ClearPageActive(page);
                        del_page_from_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru);

                        if (unlikely(PageCompound(page))) {
                                spin_unlock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
                                mem_cgroup_uncharge(page);
                                (*get_compound_page_dtor(page))(page);
                                spin_lock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
                        } else
                                list_add(&page->lru, pages_to_free);
                } else {
                        nr_moved += nr_pages;
                }
        }

        if (!is_active_lru(lru)) {
                __count_vm_events(PGDEACTIVATE, nr_moved);
                count_memcg_events(lruvec_memcg(lruvec), PGDEACTIVATE,
                                   nr_moved);
        }

        return nr_moved;
}

static void shrink_active_list(unsigned long nr_to_scan,
                               struct lruvec *lruvec,
                               struct scan_control *sc,
                               enum lru_list lru)
{
        unsigned long nr_taken;
        unsigned long nr_scanned;
        unsigned long vm_flags;
        LIST_HEAD(l_hold);      /* The pages which were snipped off */
        LIST_HEAD(l_active);
        LIST_HEAD(l_inactive);
        struct page *page;
        struct zone_reclaim_stat *reclaim_stat = &lruvec->reclaim_stat;
        unsigned nr_deactivate, nr_activate;
        unsigned nr_rotated = 0;
        isolate_mode_t isolate_mode = 0;
        int file = is_file_lru(lru);
        struct pglist_data *pgdat = lruvec_pgdat(lruvec);

        lru_add_drain();

        if (!sc->may_unmap)
                isolate_mode |= ISOLATE_UNMAPPED;

        spin_lock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);

        nr_taken = isolate_lru_pages(nr_to_scan, lruvec, &l_hold,
                                     &nr_scanned, sc, isolate_mode, lru);

        __mod_node_page_state(pgdat, NR_ISOLATED_ANON + file, nr_taken);
        reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[file] += nr_taken;

        __count_vm_events(PGREFILL, nr_scanned);
        count_memcg_events(lruvec_memcg(lruvec), PGREFILL, nr_scanned);

        spin_unlock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);

        while (!list_empty(&l_hold)) {
                cond_resched();
                page = lru_to_page(&l_hold);
                list_del(&page->lru);

                if (unlikely(!page_evictable(page))) {
                        putback_lru_page(page);
                        continue;
                }

                if (unlikely(buffer_heads_over_limit)) {
                        if (page_has_private(page) && trylock_page(page)) {
                                if (page_has_private(page))
                                        try_to_release_page(page, 0);
                                unlock_page(page);
                        }
                }

                if (page_referenced(page, 0, sc->target_mem_cgroup,
                                    &vm_flags)) {
                        nr_rotated += hpage_nr_pages(page);
                        /*
                         * Identify referenced, file-backed active pages and
                         * give them one more trip around the active list. So
                         * that executable code get better chances to stay in
                         * memory under moderate memory pressure.  Anon pages
                         * are not likely to be evicted by use-once streaming
                         * IO, plus JVM can create lots of anon VM_EXEC pages,
                         * so we ignore them here.
                         */
                        if ((vm_flags & VM_EXEC) && page_is_file_cache(page)) {
                                list_add(&page->lru, &l_active);
                                continue;
                        }
                }

                ClearPageActive(page);  /* we are de-activating */
                SetPageWorkingset(page);
                list_add(&page->lru, &l_inactive);
        }

        /*
         * Move pages back to the lru list.
         */
        spin_lock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
        /*
         * Count referenced pages from currently used mappings as rotated,
         * even though only some of them are actually re-activated.  This
         * helps balance scan pressure between file and anonymous pages in
         * get_scan_count.
         */
        reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[file] += nr_rotated;

        nr_activate = move_active_pages_to_lru(lruvec, &l_active, &l_hold, lru);
        nr_deactivate = move_active_pages_to_lru(lruvec, &l_inactive, &l_hold, lru - LRU_ACTIVE);
        __mod_node_page_state(pgdat, NR_ISOLATED_ANON + file, -nr_taken);
        spin_unlock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);

        mem_cgroup_uncharge_list(&l_hold);
        free_unref_page_list(&l_hold);
        trace_mm_vmscan_lru_shrink_active(pgdat->node_id, nr_taken, nr_activate,
                        nr_deactivate, nr_rotated, sc->priority, file);
}

/*
 * The inactive anon list should be small enough that the VM never has
 * to do too much work.
 *
 * The inactive file list should be small enough to leave most memory
 * to the established workingset on the scan-resistant active list,
 * but large enough to avoid thrashing the aggregate readahead window.
 *
 * Both inactive lists should also be large enough that each inactive
 * page has a chance to be referenced again before it is reclaimed.
 *
 * If that fails and refaulting is observed, the inactive list grows.
 *
 * The inactive_ratio is the target ratio of ACTIVE to INACTIVE pages
 * on this LRU, maintained by the pageout code. An inactive_ratio
 * of 3 means 3:1 or 25% of the pages are kept on the inactive list.
 *
 * total     target    max
 * memory    ratio     inactive
 * -------------------------------------
 *   10MB       1         5MB
 *  100MB       1        50MB
 *    1GB       3       250MB
 *   10GB      10       0.9GB
 *  100GB      31         3GB
 *    1TB     101        10GB
 *   10TB     320        32GB
 */
static bool inactive_list_is_low(struct lruvec *lruvec, bool file,
                                 struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
                                 struct scan_control *sc, bool actual_reclaim)
{
        enum lru_list active_lru = file * LRU_FILE + LRU_ACTIVE;
        struct pglist_data *pgdat = lruvec_pgdat(lruvec);
        enum lru_list inactive_lru = file * LRU_FILE;
        unsigned long inactive, active;
        unsigned long inactive_ratio;
        unsigned long refaults;
        unsigned long gb;

        /*
         * If we don't have swap space, anonymous page deactivation
         * is pointless.
         */
        if (!file && !total_swap_pages)
                return false;

        inactive = lruvec_lru_size(lruvec, inactive_lru, sc->reclaim_idx);
        active = lruvec_lru_size(lruvec, active_lru, sc->reclaim_idx);

        if (memcg)
                refaults = memcg_page_state(memcg, WORKINGSET_ACTIVATE);
        else
                refaults = node_page_state(pgdat, WORKINGSET_ACTIVATE);

        /*
         * When refaults are being observed, it means a new workingset
         * is being established. Disable active list protection to get
         * rid of the stale workingset quickly.
         */
        if (file && actual_reclaim && lruvec->refaults != refaults) {
                inactive_ratio = 0;
        } else {
                gb = (inactive + active) >> (30 - PAGE_SHIFT);
                if (gb)
                        inactive_ratio = int_sqrt(10 * gb);
                else
                        inactive_ratio = 1;
        }

        if (actual_reclaim)
                trace_mm_vmscan_inactive_list_is_low(pgdat->node_id, sc->reclaim_idx,
                        lruvec_lru_size(lruvec, inactive_lru, MAX_NR_ZONES), inactive,
                        lruvec_lru_size(lruvec, active_lru, MAX_NR_ZONES), active,
                        inactive_ratio, file);

        return inactive * inactive_ratio < active;
}

static unsigned long shrink_list(enum lru_list lru, unsigned long nr_to_scan,
                                 struct lruvec *lruvec, struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
                                 struct scan_control *sc)
{
        if (is_active_lru(lru)) {
                if (inactive_list_is_low(lruvec, is_file_lru(lru),
                                         memcg, sc, true))
                        shrink_active_list(nr_to_scan, lruvec, sc, lru);
                return 0;
        }

        return shrink_inactive_list(nr_to_scan, lruvec, sc, lru);
}

enum scan_balance {
        SCAN_EQUAL,
        SCAN_FRACT,
        SCAN_ANON,
        SCAN_FILE,
};

/*
 * Determine how aggressively the anon and file LRU lists should be
 * scanned.  The relative value of each set of LRU lists is determined
 * by looking at the fraction of the pages scanned we did rotate back
 * onto the active list instead of evict.
 *
 * nr[0] = anon inactive pages to scan; nr[1] = anon active pages to scan
 * nr[2] = file inactive pages to scan; nr[3] = file active pages to scan
 */
static void get_scan_count(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
                           struct scan_control *sc, unsigned long *nr,
                           unsigned long *lru_pages)
{
        int swappiness = mem_cgroup_swappiness(memcg);
        struct zone_reclaim_stat *reclaim_stat = &lruvec->reclaim_stat;
        u64 fraction[2];
        u64 denominator = 0;    /* gcc */
        struct pglist_data *pgdat = lruvec_pgdat(lruvec);
        unsigned long anon_prio, file_prio;
        enum scan_balance scan_balance;
        unsigned long anon, file;
        unsigned long ap, fp;
        enum lru_list lru;

        /* If we have no swap space, do not bother scanning anon pages. */
        if (!sc->may_swap || mem_cgroup_get_nr_swap_pages(memcg) <= 0) {
                scan_balance = SCAN_FILE;
                goto out;
        }

        /*
         * Global reclaim will swap to prevent OOM even with no
         * swappiness, but memcg users want to use this knob to
         * disable swapping for individual groups completely when
         * using the memory controller's swap limit feature would be
         * too expensive.
         */
        if (!global_reclaim(sc) && !swappiness) {
                scan_balance = SCAN_FILE;
                goto out;
        }

        /*
         * Do not apply any pressure balancing cleverness when the
         * system is close to OOM, scan both anon and file equally
         * (unless the swappiness setting disagrees with swapping).
         */
        if (!sc->priority && swappiness) {
                scan_balance = SCAN_EQUAL;
                goto out;
        }

        /*
         * Prevent the reclaimer from falling into the cache trap: as
         * cache pages start out inactive, every cache fault will tip
         * the scan balance towards the file LRU.  And as the file LRU
         * shrinks, so does the window for rotation from references.
         * This means we have a runaway feedback loop where a tiny
         * thrashing file LRU becomes infinitely more attractive than
         * anon pages.  Try to detect this based on file LRU size.
         */
        if (global_reclaim(sc)) {
                unsigned long pgdatfile;
                unsigned long pgdatfree;
                int z;
                unsigned long total_high_wmark = 0;

                pgdatfree = sum_zone_node_page_state(pgdat->node_id, NR_FREE_PAGES);
                pgdatfile = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_ACTIVE_FILE) +
                           node_page_state(pgdat, NR_INACTIVE_FILE);

                for (z = 0; z < MAX_NR_ZONES; z++) {
                        struct zone *zone = &pgdat->node_zones[z];
                        if (!managed_zone(zone))
                                continue;

                        total_high_wmark += high_wmark_pages(zone);
                }

                if (unlikely(pgdatfile + pgdatfree <= total_high_wmark)) {
                        /*
                         * Force SCAN_ANON if there are enough inactive
                         * anonymous pages on the LRU in eligible zones.
                         * Otherwise, the small LRU gets thrashed.
                         */
                        if (!inactive_list_is_low(lruvec, false, memcg, sc, false) &&
                            lruvec_lru_size(lruvec, LRU_INACTIVE_ANON, sc->reclaim_idx)
                                        >> sc->priority) {
                                scan_balance = SCAN_ANON;
                                goto out;
                        }
                }
        }

        /*
         * If there is enough inactive page cache, i.e. if the size of the
         * inactive list is greater than that of the active list *and* the
         * inactive list actually has some pages to scan on this priority, we
         * do not reclaim anything from the anonymous working set right now.
         * Without the second condition we could end up never scanning an
         * lruvec even if it has plenty of old anonymous pages unless the
         * system is under heavy pressure.
         */
        if (!inactive_list_is_low(lruvec, true, memcg, sc, false) &&
            lruvec_lru_size(lruvec, LRU_INACTIVE_FILE, sc->reclaim_idx) >> sc->priority) {
                scan_balance = SCAN_FILE;
                goto out;
        }

        scan_balance = SCAN_FRACT;

        /*
         * With swappiness at 100, anonymous and file have the same priority.
         * This scanning priority is essentially the inverse of IO cost.
         */
        anon_prio = swappiness;
        file_prio = 200 - anon_prio;

        /*
         * OK, so we have swap space and a fair amount of page cache
         * pages.  We use the recently rotated / recently scanned
         * ratios to determine how valuable each cache is.
         *
         * Because workloads change over time (and to avoid overflow)
         * we keep these statistics as a floating average, which ends
         * up weighing recent references more than old ones.
         *
         * anon in [0], file in [1]
         */

        anon  = lruvec_lru_size(lruvec, LRU_ACTIVE_ANON, MAX_NR_ZONES) +
                lruvec_lru_size(lruvec, LRU_INACTIVE_ANON, MAX_NR_ZONES);
        file  = lruvec_lru_size(lruvec, LRU_ACTIVE_FILE, MAX_NR_ZONES) +
                lruvec_lru_size(lruvec, LRU_INACTIVE_FILE, MAX_NR_ZONES);

        spin_lock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
        if (unlikely(reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[0] > anon / 4)) {
                reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[0] /= 2;
                reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[0] /= 2;
        }

        if (unlikely(reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[1] > file / 4)) {
                reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[1] /= 2;
                reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[1] /= 2;
        }

        /*
         * The amount of pressure on anon vs file pages is inversely
         * proportional to the fraction of recently scanned pages on
         * each list that were recently referenced and in active use.
         */
        ap = anon_prio * (reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[0] + 1);
        ap /= reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[0] + 1;

        fp = file_prio * (reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[1] + 1);
        fp /= reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[1] + 1;
        spin_unlock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);

        fraction[0] = ap;
        fraction[1] = fp;
        denominator = ap + fp + 1;
out:
        *lru_pages = 0;
        for_each_evictable_lru(lru) {
                int file = is_file_lru(lru);
                unsigned long size;
                unsigned long scan;

                size = lruvec_lru_size(lruvec, lru, sc->reclaim_idx);
                scan = size >> sc->priority;
                /*
                 * If the cgroup's already been deleted, make sure to
                 * scrape out the remaining cache.
                 */
                if (!scan && !mem_cgroup_online(memcg))
                        scan = min(size, SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX);

                switch (scan_balance) {
                case SCAN_EQUAL:
                        /* Scan lists relative to size */
                        break;
                case SCAN_FRACT:
                        /*
                         * Scan types proportional to swappiness and
                         * their relative recent reclaim efficiency.
                         * Make sure we don't miss the last page
                         * because of a round-off error.
                         */
                        scan = DIV64_U64_ROUND_UP(scan * fraction[file],
                                                  denominator);
                        break;
                case SCAN_FILE:
                case SCAN_ANON:
                        /* Scan one type exclusively */
                        if ((scan_balance == SCAN_FILE) != file) {
                                size = 0;
                                scan = 0;
                        }
                        break;
                default:
                        /* Look ma, no brain */
                        BUG();
                }

                *lru_pages += size;
                nr[lru] = scan;
        }
}

/*
 * This is a basic per-node page freer.  Used by both kswapd and direct reclaim.
 */
static void shrink_node_memcg(struct pglist_data *pgdat, struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
                              struct scan_control *sc, unsigned long *lru_pages)
{
        struct lruvec *lruvec = mem_cgroup_lruvec(pgdat, memcg);
        unsigned long nr[NR_LRU_LISTS];
        unsigned long targets[NR_LRU_LISTS];
        unsigned long nr_to_scan;
        enum lru_list lru;
        unsigned long nr_reclaimed = 0;
        unsigned long nr_to_reclaim = sc->nr_to_reclaim;
        struct blk_plug plug;
        bool scan_adjusted;

        get_scan_count(lruvec, memcg, sc, nr, lru_pages);

        /* Record the original scan target for proportional adjustments later */
        memcpy(targets, nr, sizeof(nr));

        /*
         * Global reclaiming within direct reclaim at DEF_PRIORITY is a normal
         * event that can occur when there is little memory pressure e.g.
         * multiple streaming readers/writers. Hence, we do not abort scanning
         * when the requested number of pages are reclaimed when scanning at
         * DEF_PRIORITY on the assumption that the fact we are direct
         * reclaiming implies that kswapd is not keeping up and it is best to
         * do a batch of work at once. For memcg reclaim one check is made to
         * abort proportional reclaim if either the file or anon lru has already
         * dropped to zero at the first pass.
         */
        scan_adjusted = (global_reclaim(sc) && !current_is_kswapd() &&
                         sc->priority == DEF_PRIORITY);

        blk_start_plug(&plug);
        while (nr[LRU_INACTIVE_ANON] || nr[LRU_ACTIVE_FILE] ||
                                        nr[LRU_INACTIVE_FILE]) {
                unsigned long nr_anon, nr_file, percentage;
                unsigned long nr_scanned;

                for_each_evictable_lru(lru) {
                        if (nr[lru]) {
                                nr_to_scan = min(nr[lru], SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX);
                                nr[lru] -= nr_to_scan;

                                nr_reclaimed += shrink_list(lru, nr_to_scan,
                                                            lruvec, memcg, sc);
                        }
                }

                cond_resched();

                if (nr_reclaimed < nr_to_reclaim || scan_adjusted)
                        continue;

                /*
                 * For kswapd and memcg, reclaim at least the number of pages
                 * requested. Ensure that the anon and file LRUs are scanned
                 * proportionally what was requested by get_scan_count(). We
                 * stop reclaiming one LRU and reduce the amount scanning
                 * proportional to the original scan target.
                 */
                nr_file = nr[LRU_INACTIVE_FILE] + nr[LRU_ACTIVE_FILE];
                nr_anon = nr[LRU_INACTIVE_ANON] + nr[LRU_ACTIVE_ANON];

                /*
                 * It's just vindictive to attack the larger once the smaller
                 * has gone to zero.  And given the way we stop scanning the
                 * smaller below, this makes sure that we only make one nudge
                 * towards proportionality once we've got nr_to_reclaim.
                 */
                if (!nr_file || !nr_anon)
                        break;

                if (nr_file > nr_anon) {
                        unsigned long scan_target = targets[LRU_INACTIVE_ANON] +
                                                targets[LRU_ACTIVE_ANON] + 1;
                        lru = LRU_BASE;
                        percentage = nr_anon * 100 / scan_target;
                } else {
                        unsigned long scan_target = targets[LRU_INACTIVE_FILE] +
                                                targets[LRU_ACTIVE_FILE] + 1;
                        lru = LRU_FILE;
                        percentage = nr_file * 100 / scan_target;
                }

                /* Stop scanning the smaller of the LRU */
                nr[lru] = 0;
                nr[lru + LRU_ACTIVE] = 0;

                /*
                 * Recalculate the other LRU scan count based on its original
                 * scan target and the percentage scanning already complete
                 */
                lru = (lru == LRU_FILE) ? LRU_BASE : LRU_FILE;
                nr_scanned = targets[lru] - nr[lru];
                nr[lru] = targets[lru] * (100 - percentage) / 100;
                nr[lru] -= min(nr[lru], nr_scanned);

                lru += LRU_ACTIVE;
                nr_scanned = targets[lru] - nr[lru];
                nr[lru] = targets[lru] * (100 - percentage) / 100;
                nr[lru] -= min(nr[lru], nr_scanned);

                scan_adjusted = true;
        }
        blk_finish_plug(&plug);
        sc->nr_reclaimed += nr_reclaimed;

        /*
         * Even if we did not try to evict anon pages at all, we want to
         * rebalance the anon lru active/inactive ratio.
         */
        if (inactive_list_is_low(lruvec, false, memcg, sc, true))
                shrink_active_list(SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX, lruvec,
                                   sc, LRU_ACTIVE_ANON);
}

/* Use reclaim/compaction for costly allocs or under memory pressure */
static bool in_reclaim_compaction(struct scan_control *sc)
{
        if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_COMPACTION) && sc->order &&
                        (sc->order > PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER ||
                         sc->priority < DEF_PRIORITY - 2))
                return true;

        return false;
}

/*
 * Reclaim/compaction is used for high-order allocation requests. It reclaims
 * order-0 pages before compacting the zone. should_continue_reclaim() returns
 * true if more pages should be reclaimed such that when the page allocator
 * calls try_to_compact_zone() that it will have enough free pages to succeed.
 * It will give up earlier than that if there is difficulty reclaiming pages.
 */
static inline bool should_continue_reclaim(struct pglist_data *pgdat,
                                        unsigned long nr_reclaimed,
                                        unsigned long nr_scanned,
                                        struct scan_control *sc)
{
        unsigned long pages_for_compaction;
        unsigned long inactive_lru_pages;
        int z;

        /* If not in reclaim/compaction mode, stop */
        if (!in_reclaim_compaction(sc))
                return false;

        /* Consider stopping depending on scan and reclaim activity */
        if (sc->gfp_mask & __GFP_RETRY_MAYFAIL) {
                /*
                 * For __GFP_RETRY_MAYFAIL allocations, stop reclaiming if the
                 * full LRU list has been scanned and we are still failing
                 * to reclaim pages. This full LRU scan is potentially
                 * expensive but a __GFP_RETRY_MAYFAIL caller really wants to succeed
                 */
                if (!nr_reclaimed && !nr_scanned)
                        return false;
        } else {
                /*
                 * For non-__GFP_RETRY_MAYFAIL allocations which can presumably
                 * fail without consequence, stop if we failed to reclaim
                 * any pages from the last SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX number of
                 * pages that were scanned. This will return to the
                 * caller faster at the risk reclaim/compaction and
                 * the resulting allocation attempt fails
                 */
                if (!nr_reclaimed)
                        return false;
        }

        /*
         * If we have not reclaimed enough pages for compaction and the
         * inactive lists are large enough, continue reclaiming
         */
        pages_for_compaction = compact_gap(sc->order);
        inactive_lru_pages = node_page_state(pgdat, NR_INACTIVE_FILE);
        if (get_nr_swap_pages() > 0)
                inactive_lru_pages += node_page_state(pgdat, NR_INACTIVE_ANON);
        if (sc->nr_reclaimed < pages_for_compaction &&
                        inactive_lru_pages > pages_for_compaction)
                return true;

        /* If compaction would go ahead or the allocation would succeed, stop */
        for (z = 0; z <= sc->reclaim_idx; z++) {
                struct zone *zone = &pgdat->node_zones[z];
                if (!managed_zone(zone))
                        continue;

                switch (compaction_suitable(zone, sc->order, 0, sc->reclaim_idx)) {
                case COMPACT_SUCCESS:
                case COMPACT_CONTINUE:
                        return false;
                default:
                        /* check next zone */
                        ;
                }
        }
        return true;
}

static bool pgdat_memcg_congested(pg_data_t *pgdat, struct mem_cgroup *memcg)
{
        return test_bit(PGDAT_CONGESTED, &pgdat->flags) ||
                (memcg && memcg_congested(pgdat, memcg));
}

static bool shrink_node(pg_data_t *pgdat, struct scan_control *sc)
{
        struct reclaim_state *reclaim_state = current->reclaim_state;
        unsigned long nr_reclaimed, nr_scanned;
        bool reclaimable = false;

        do {
                struct mem_cgroup *root = sc->target_mem_cgroup;
                struct mem_cgroup_reclaim_cookie reclaim = {
                        .pgdat = pgdat,
                        .priority = sc->priority,
                };
                unsigned long node_lru_pages = 0;
                struct mem_cgroup *memcg;

                memset(&sc->nr, 0, sizeof(sc->nr));

                nr_reclaimed = sc->nr_reclaimed;
                nr_scanned = sc->nr_scanned;

                memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(root, NULL, &reclaim);
                do {
                        unsigned long lru_pages;
                        unsigned long reclaimed;
                        unsigned long scanned;

                        switch (mem_cgroup_protected(root, memcg)) {
                        case MEMCG_PROT_MIN:
                                /*
                                 * Hard protection.
                                 * If there is no reclaimable memory, OOM.
                                 */
                                continue;
                        case MEMCG_PROT_LOW:
                                /*
                                 * Soft protection.
                                 * Respect the protection only as long as
                                 * there is an unprotected supply
                                 * of reclaimable memory from other cgroups.
                                 */
                                if (!sc->memcg_low_reclaim) {
                                        sc->memcg_low_skipped = 1;
                                        continue;
                                }
                                memcg_memory_event(memcg, MEMCG_LOW);
                                break;
                        case MEMCG_PROT_NONE:
                                break;
                        }

                        reclaimed = sc->nr_reclaimed;
                        scanned = sc->nr_scanned;
                        shrink_node_memcg(pgdat, memcg, sc, &lru_pages);
                        node_lru_pages += lru_pages;

                        shrink_slab(sc->gfp_mask, pgdat->node_id,
                                    memcg, sc->priority);

                        /* Record the group's reclaim efficiency */
                        vmpressure(sc->gfp_mask, memcg, false,
                                   sc->nr_scanned - scanned,
                                   sc->nr_reclaimed - reclaimed);

                        /*
                         * Direct reclaim and kswapd have to scan all memory
                         * cgroups to fulfill the overall scan target for the
                         * node.
                         *
                         * Limit reclaim, on the other hand, only cares about
                         * nr_to_reclaim pages to be reclaimed and it will
                         * retry with decreasing priority if one round over the
                         * whole hierarchy is not sufficient.
                         */
                        if (!global_reclaim(sc) &&
                                        sc->nr_reclaimed >= sc->nr_to_reclaim) {
                                mem_cgroup_iter_break(root, memcg);
                                break;
                        }
                } while ((memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(root, memcg, &reclaim)));

                if (reclaim_state) {
                        sc->nr_reclaimed += reclaim_state->reclaimed_slab;
                        reclaim_state->reclaimed_slab = 0;
                }

                /* Record the subtree's reclaim efficiency */
                vmpressure(sc->gfp_mask, sc->target_mem_cgroup, true,
                           sc->nr_scanned - nr_scanned,
                           sc->nr_reclaimed - nr_reclaimed);

                if (sc->nr_reclaimed - nr_reclaimed)
                        reclaimable = true;

                if (current_is_kswapd()) {
                        /*
                         * If reclaim is isolating dirty pages under writeback,
                         * it implies that the long-lived page allocation rate
                         * is exceeding the page laundering rate. Either the
                         * global limits are not being effective at throttling
                         * processes due to the page distribution throughout
                         * zones or there is heavy usage of a slow backing
                         * device. The only option is to throttle from reclaim
                         * context which is not ideal as there is no guarantee
                         * the dirtying process is throttled in the same way
                         * balance_dirty_pages() manages.
                         *
                         * Once a node is flagged PGDAT_WRITEBACK, kswapd will
                         * count the number of pages under pages flagged for
                         * immediate reclaim and stall if any are encountered
                         * in the nr_immediate check below.
                         */
                        if (sc->nr.writeback && sc->nr.writeback == sc->nr.taken)
                                set_bit(PGDAT_WRITEBACK, &pgdat->flags);

                        /*
                         * Tag a node as congested if all the dirty pages
                         * scanned were backed by a congested BDI and
                         * wait_iff_congested will stall.
                         */
                        if (sc->nr.dirty && sc->nr.dirty == sc->nr.congested)
                                set_bit(PGDAT_CONGESTED, &pgdat->flags);

                        /* Allow kswapd to start writing pages during reclaim.*/
                        if (sc->nr.unqueued_dirty == sc->nr.file_taken)
                                set_bit(PGDAT_DIRTY, &pgdat->flags);

                        /*
                         * If kswapd scans pages marked marked for immediate
                         * reclaim and under writeback (nr_immediate), it
                         * implies that pages are cycling through the LRU
                         * faster than they are written so also forcibly stall.
                         */
                        if (sc->nr.immediate)
                                congestion_wait(BLK_RW_ASYNC, HZ/10);
                }

                /*
                 * Legacy memcg will stall in page writeback so avoid forcibly
                 * stalling in wait_iff_congested().
                 */
                if (!global_reclaim(sc) && sane_reclaim(sc) &&
                    sc->nr.dirty && sc->nr.dirty == sc->nr.congested)
                        set_memcg_congestion(pgdat, root, true);

                /*
                 * Stall direct reclaim for IO completions if underlying BDIs
                 * and node is congested. Allow kswapd to continue until it
                 * starts encountering unqueued dirty pages or cycling through
                 * the LRU too quickly.
                 */
                if (!sc->hibernation_mode && !current_is_kswapd() &&
                   current_may_throttle() && pgdat_memcg_congested(pgdat, root))
                        wait_iff_congested(BLK_RW_ASYNC, HZ/10);

        } while (should_continue_reclaim(pgdat, sc->nr_reclaimed - nr_reclaimed,
                                         sc->nr_scanned - nr_scanned, sc));

        /*
         * Kswapd gives up on balancing particular nodes after too
         * many failures to reclaim anything from them and goes to
         * sleep. On reclaim progress, reset the failure counter. A
         * successful direct reclaim run will revive a dormant kswapd.
         */
        if (reclaimable)
                pgdat->kswapd_failures = 0;

        return reclaimable;
}

/*
 * Returns true if compaction should go ahead for a costly-order request, or
 * the allocation would already succeed without compaction. Return false if we
 * should reclaim first.
 */
static inline bool compaction_ready(struct zone *zone, struct scan_control *sc)
{
        unsigned long watermark;
        enum compact_result suitable;

        suitable = compaction_suitable(zone, sc->order, 0, sc->reclaim_idx);
        if (suitable == COMPACT_SUCCESS)
                /* Allocation should succeed already. Don't reclaim. */
                return true;
        if (suitable == COMPACT_SKIPPED)
                /* Compaction cannot yet proceed. Do reclaim. */
                return false;

        /*
         * Compaction is already possible, but it takes time to run and there
         * are potentially other callers using the pages just freed. So proceed
         * with reclaim to make a buffer of free pages available to give
         * compaction a reasonable chance of completing and allocating the page.
         * Note that we won't actually reclaim the whole buffer in one attempt
         * as the target watermark in should_continue_reclaim() is lower. But if
         * we are already above the high+gap watermark, don't reclaim at all.
         */
        watermark = high_wmark_pages(zone) + compact_gap(sc->order);

        return zone_watermark_ok_safe(zone, 0, watermark, sc->reclaim_idx);
}

/*
 * This is the direct reclaim path, for page-allocating processes.  We only
 * try to reclaim pages from zones which will satisfy the caller's allocation
 * request.
 *
 * If a zone is deemed to be full of pinned pages then just give it a light
 * scan then give up on it.
 */
static void shrink_zones(struct zonelist *zonelist, struct scan_control *sc)
{
        struct zoneref *z;
        struct zone *zone;
        unsigned long nr_soft_reclaimed;
        unsigned long nr_soft_scanned;
        gfp_t orig_mask;
        pg_data_t *last_pgdat = NULL;

        /*
         * If the number of buffer_heads in the machine exceeds the maximum
         * allowed level, force direct reclaim to scan the highmem zone as
         * highmem pages could be pinning lowmem pages storing buffer_heads
         */
        orig_mask = sc->gfp_mask;
        if (buffer_heads_over_limit) {
                sc->gfp_mask |= __GFP_HIGHMEM;
                sc->reclaim_idx = gfp_zone(sc->gfp_mask);
        }

        for_each_zone_zonelist_nodemask(zone, z, zonelist,
                                        sc->reclaim_idx, sc->nodemask) {
                /*
                 * Take care memory controller reclaiming has small influence
                 * to global LRU.
                 */
                if (global_reclaim(sc)) {
                        if (!cpuset_zone_allowed(zone,
                                                 GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_HARDWALL))
                                continue;

                        /*
                         * If we already have plenty of memory free for
                         * compaction in this zone, don't free any more.
                         * Even though compaction is invoked for any
                         * non-zero order, only frequent costly order
                         * reclamation is disruptive enough to become a
                         * noticeable problem, like transparent huge
                         * page allocations.
                         */
                        if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_COMPACTION) &&
                            sc->order > PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER &&
                            compaction_ready(zone, sc)) {
                                sc->compaction_ready = true;
                                continue;
                        }

                        /*
                         * Shrink each node in the zonelist once. If the
                         * zonelist is ordered by zone (not the default) then a
                         * node may be shrunk multiple times but in that case
                         * the user prefers lower zones being preserved.
                         */
                        if (zone->zone_pgdat == last_pgdat)
                                continue;

                        /*
                         * This steals pages from memory cgroups over softlimit
                         * and returns the number of reclaimed pages and
                         * scanned pages. This works for global memory pressure
                         * and balancing, not for a memcg's limit.
                         */
                        nr_soft_scanned = 0;
                        nr_soft_reclaimed = mem_cgroup_soft_limit_reclaim(zone->zone_pgdat,
                                                sc->order, sc->gfp_mask,
                                                &nr_soft_scanned);
                        sc->nr_reclaimed += nr_soft_reclaimed;
                        sc->nr_scanned += nr_soft_scanned;
                        /* need some check for avoid more shrink_zone() */
                }

                /* See comment about same check for global reclaim above */
                if (zone->zone_pgdat == last_pgdat)
                        continue;
                last_pgdat = zone->zone_pgdat;
                shrink_node(zone->zone_pgdat, sc);
        }

        /*
         * Restore to original mask to avoid the impact on the caller if we
         * promoted it to __GFP_HIGHMEM.
         */
        sc->gfp_mask = orig_mask;
}

static void snapshot_refaults(struct mem_cgroup *root_memcg, pg_data_t *pgdat)
{
        struct mem_cgroup *memcg;

        memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(root_memcg, NULL, NULL);
        do {
                unsigned long refaults;
                struct lruvec *lruvec;

                if (memcg)
                        refaults = memcg_page_state(memcg, WORKINGSET_ACTIVATE);
                else
                        refaults = node_page_state(pgdat, WORKINGSET_ACTIVATE);

                lruvec = mem_cgroup_lruvec(pgdat, memcg);
                lruvec->refaults = refaults;
        } while ((memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(root_memcg, memcg, NULL)));
}

/*
 * This is the main entry point to direct page reclaim.
 *
 * If a full scan of the inactive list fails to free enough memory then we
 * are "out of memory" and something needs to be killed.
 *
 * If the caller is !__GFP_FS then the probability of a failure is reasonably
 * high - the zone may be full of dirty or under-writeback pages, which this
 * caller can't do much about.  We kick the writeback threads and take explicit
 * naps in the hope that some of these pages can be written.  But if the
 * allocating task holds filesystem locks which prevent writeout this might not
 * work, and the allocation attempt will fail.
 *
 * returns:     0, if no pages reclaimed
 *              else, the number of pages reclaimed
 */
static unsigned long do_try_to_free_pages(struct zonelist *zonelist,
                                          struct scan_control *sc)
{
        int initial_priority = sc->priority;
        pg_data_t *last_pgdat;
        struct zoneref *z;
        struct zone *zone;
retry:
        delayacct_freepages_start();

        if (global_reclaim(sc))
                __count_zid_vm_events(ALLOCSTALL, sc->reclaim_idx, 1);

        do {
                vmpressure_prio(sc->gfp_mask, sc->target_mem_cgroup,
                                sc->priority);
                sc->nr_scanned = 0;
                shrink_zones(zonelist, sc);

                if (sc->nr_reclaimed >= sc->nr_to_reclaim)
                        break;

                if (sc->compaction_ready)
                        break;

                /*
                 * If we're getting trouble reclaiming, start doing
                 * writepage even in laptop mode.
                 */
                if (sc->priority < DEF_PRIORITY - 2)
                        sc->may_writepage = 1;
        } while (--sc->priority >= 0);

        last_pgdat = NULL;
        for_each_zone_zonelist_nodemask(zone, z, zonelist, sc->reclaim_idx,
                                        sc->nodemask) {
                if (zone->zone_pgdat == last_pgdat)
                        continue;
                last_pgdat = zone->zone_pgdat;
                snapshot_refaults(sc->target_mem_cgroup, zone->zone_pgdat);
                set_memcg_congestion(last_pgdat, sc->target_mem_cgroup, false);
        }

        delayacct_freepages_end();

        if (sc->nr_reclaimed)
                return sc->nr_reclaimed;

        /* Aborted reclaim to try compaction? don't OOM, then */
        if (sc->compaction_ready)
                return 1;

        /* Untapped cgroup reserves?  Don't OOM, retry. */
        if (sc->memcg_low_skipped) {
                sc->priority = initial_priority;
                sc->memcg_low_reclaim = 1;
                sc->memcg_low_skipped = 0;
                goto retry;
        }

        return 0;
}

static bool allow_direct_reclaim(pg_data_t *pgdat)
{
        struct zone *zone;
        unsigned long pfmemalloc_reserve = 0;
        unsigned long free_pages = 0;
        int i;
        bool wmark_ok;

        if (pgdat->kswapd_failures >= MAX_RECLAIM_RETRIES)
                return true;

        for (i = 0; i <= ZONE_NORMAL; i++) {
                zone = &pgdat->node_zones[i];
                if (!managed_zone(zone))
                        continue;

                if (!zone_reclaimable_pages(zone))
                        continue;

                pfmemalloc_reserve += min_wmark_pages(zone);
                free_pages += zone_page_state(zone, NR_FREE_PAGES);
        }

        /* If there are no reserves (unexpected config) then do not throttle */
        if (!pfmemalloc_reserve)
                return true;

        wmark_ok = free_pages > pfmemalloc_reserve / 2;

        /* kswapd must be awake if processes are being throttled */
        if (!wmark_ok && waitqueue_active(&pgdat->kswapd_wait)) {
                pgdat->kswapd_classzone_idx = min(pgdat->kswapd_classzone_idx,
                                                (enum zone_type)ZONE_NORMAL);
                wake_up_interruptible(&pgdat->kswapd_wait);
        }

        return wmark_ok;
}

/*
 * Throttle direct reclaimers if backing storage is backed by the network
 * and the PFMEMALLOC reserve for the preferred node is getting dangerously
 * depleted. kswapd will continue to make progress and wake the processes
 * when the low watermark is reached.
 *
 * Returns true if a fatal signal was delivered during throttling. If this
 * happens, the page allocator should not consider triggering the OOM killer.
 */
static bool throttle_direct_reclaim(gfp_t gfp_mask, struct zonelist *zonelist,
                                        nodemask_t *nodemask)
{
        struct zoneref *z;
        struct zone *zone;
        pg_data_t *pgdat = NULL;

        /*
         * Kernel threads should not be throttled as they may be indirectly
         * responsible for cleaning pages necessary for reclaim to make forward
         * progress. kjournald for example may enter direct reclaim while
         * committing a transaction where throttling it could forcing other
         * processes to block on log_wait_commit().
         */
        if (current->flags & PF_KTHREAD)
                goto out;

        /*
         * If a fatal signal is pending, this process should not throttle.
         * It should return quickly so it can exit and free its memory
         */
        if (fatal_signal_pending(current))
                goto out;

        /*
         * Check if the pfmemalloc reserves are ok by finding the first node
         * with a usable ZONE_NORMAL or lower zone. The expectation is that
         * GFP_KERNEL will be required for allocating network buffers when
         * swapping over the network so ZONE_HIGHMEM is unusable.
         *
         * Throttling is based on the first usable node and throttled processes
         * wait on a queue until kswapd makes progress and wakes them. There
         * is an affinity then between processes waking up and where reclaim
         * progress has been made assuming the process wakes on the same node.
         * More importantly, processes running on remote nodes will not compete
         * for remote pfmemalloc reserves and processes on different nodes
         * should make reasonable progress.
         */
        for_each_zone_zonelist_nodemask(zone, z, zonelist,
                                        gfp_zone(gfp_mask), nodemask) {
                if (zone_idx(zone) > ZONE_NORMAL)
                        continue;

                /* Throttle based on the first usable node */
                pgdat = zone->zone_pgdat;
                if (allow_direct_reclaim(pgdat))
                        goto out;
                break;
        }

        /* If no zone was usable by the allocation flags then do not throttle */
        if (!pgdat)
                goto out;

        /* Account for the throttling */
        count_vm_event(PGSCAN_DIRECT_THROTTLE);

        /*
         * If the caller cannot enter the filesystem, it's possible that it
         * is due to the caller holding an FS lock or performing a journal
         * transaction in the case of a filesystem like ext[3|4]. In this case,
         * it is not safe to block on pfmemalloc_wait as kswapd could be
         * blocked waiting on the same lock. Instead, throttle for up to a
         * second before continuing.
         */
        if (!(gfp_mask & __GFP_FS)) {
                wait_event_interruptible_timeout(pgdat->pfmemalloc_wait,
                        allow_direct_reclaim(pgdat), HZ);

                goto check_pending;
        }

        /* Throttle until kswapd wakes the process */
        wait_event_killable(zone->zone_pgdat->pfmemalloc_wait,
                allow_direct_reclaim(pgdat));

check_pending:
        if (fatal_signal_pending(current))
                return true;

out:
        return false;
}

unsigned long try_to_free_pages(struct zonelist *zonelist, int order,
                                gfp_t gfp_mask, nodemask_t *nodemask)
{
        unsigned long nr_reclaimed;
        struct scan_control sc = {
                .nr_to_reclaim = SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX,
                .gfp_mask = current_gfp_context(gfp_mask),
                .reclaim_idx = gfp_zone(gfp_mask),
                .order = order,
                .nodemask = nodemask,
                .priority = DEF_PRIORITY,
                .may_writepage = !laptop_mode,
                .may_unmap = 1,
                .may_swap = 1,
        };

        /*
         * scan_control uses s8 fields for order, priority, and reclaim_idx.
         * Confirm they are large enough for max values.
         */
        BUILD_BUG_ON(MAX_ORDER > S8_MAX);
        BUILD_BUG_ON(DEF_PRIORITY > S8_MAX);
        BUILD_BUG_ON(MAX_NR_ZONES > S8_MAX);

        /*
         * Do not enter reclaim if fatal signal was delivered while throttled.
         * 1 is returned so that the page allocator does not OOM kill at this
         * point.
         */
        if (throttle_direct_reclaim(sc.gfp_mask, zonelist, nodemask))
                return 1;

        trace_mm_vmscan_direct_reclaim_begin(order,
                                sc.may_writepage,
                                sc.gfp_mask,
                                sc.reclaim_idx);

        nr_reclaimed = do_try_to_free_pages(zonelist, &sc);

        trace_mm_vmscan_direct_reclaim_end(nr_reclaimed);

        return nr_reclaimed;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG

unsigned long mem_cgroup_shrink_node(struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
                                                gfp_t gfp_mask, bool noswap,
                                                pg_data_t *pgdat,
                                                unsigned long *nr_scanned)
{
        struct scan_control sc = {
                .nr_to_reclaim = SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX,
                .target_mem_cgroup = memcg,
                .may_writepage = !laptop_mode,
                .may_unmap = 1,
                .reclaim_idx = MAX_NR_ZONES - 1,
                .may_swap = !noswap,
        };
        unsigned long lru_pages;

        sc.gfp_mask = (gfp_mask & GFP_RECLAIM_MASK) |
                        (GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE & ~GFP_RECLAIM_MASK);

        trace_mm_vmscan_memcg_softlimit_reclaim_begin(sc.order,
                                                      sc.may_writepage,
                                                      sc.gfp_mask,
                                                      sc.reclaim_idx);

        /*
         * NOTE: Although we can get the priority field, using it
         * here is not a good idea, since it limits the pages we can scan.
         * if we don't reclaim here, the shrink_node from balance_pgdat
         * will pick up pages from other mem cgroup's as well. We hack
         * the priority and make it zero.
         */
        shrink_node_memcg(pgdat, memcg, &sc, &lru_pages);

        trace_mm_vmscan_memcg_softlimit_reclaim_end(sc.nr_reclaimed);

        *nr_scanned = sc.nr_scanned;
        return sc.nr_reclaimed;
}

unsigned long try_to_free_mem_cgroup_pages(struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
                                           unsigned long nr_pages,
                                           gfp_t gfp_mask,
                                           bool may_swap)
{
        struct zonelist *zonelist;
        unsigned long nr_reclaimed;
        int nid;
        unsigned int noreclaim_flag;
        struct scan_control sc = {
                .nr_to_reclaim = max(nr_pages, SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX),
                .gfp_mask = (current_gfp_context(gfp_mask) & GFP_RECLAIM_MASK) |
                                (GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE & ~GFP_RECLAIM_MASK),
                .reclaim_idx = MAX_NR_ZONES - 1,
                .target_mem_cgroup = memcg,
                .priority = DEF_PRIORITY,
                .may_writepage = !laptop_mode,
                .may_unmap = 1,
                .may_swap = may_swap,
        };

        /*
         * Unlike direct reclaim via alloc_pages(), memcg's reclaim doesn't
         * take care of from where we get pages. So the node where we&